12V27A battery

Analysis of the development of power 12V27A battery technology

1. The current ternary and lithium iron phosphate battery technologies are highly mature

1. Ternary and lithium iron phosphate batteries are the focus of the company's layout

In the field of automotive power lithium batteries, lithium-ion batteries have become the mainstream. At present, the important battery types of international mainstream power 12V27A battery companies are basically lithium iron phosphate and ternary lithium-ion batteries.

From the perspective of the Chinese market, lithium iron phosphate and ternary batteries are still the mainstream of automotive power lithium batteries, and the installed capacity in 2016 and 2017 accounted for 94.5% and 93.3% of the total market.

2. Lithium iron phosphate and ternary lithium-ion batteries still have a period of development

1. Potential technical advantages of solid-state lithium-ion batteries

Compared with traditional lithium-ion batteries, the biggest feature of solid-state lithium-ion batteries is that they use solid electrolyte materials. When the electrodes and electrolyte materials used are solid and do not contain any liquid components, they are all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Solid electrolytes have changed the traditional structure of lithium-ion batteries, and diaphragms, liquid electrolytes, etc. are no longer necessary components, bringing huge potential for technical advantages.

The important technical advantages of solid-state lithium-ion batteries are reflected in the following aspects: first, they are highly safe, do not contain flammable, volatile and toxic organic solvents, and do not have leakage problems. They are expected to prevent the appearance of lithium dendrites and greatly reduce the risk of battery combustion and explosion. Second, they have a long cycle life. There is no problem of solid electrolyte interface film appearing during the charge and discharge cycle of liquid electrolyte. The expected life of current research and development is 15,000-20,000 times. Third, they have high energy density. In traditional lithium-ion batteries, the volume of diaphragms and electrolytes accounts for 40%. Solid electrolytes can greatly reduce the distance between the positive and negative electrodes of the battery and increase the volume specific energy. The estimated maximum potential value of the energy density of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries is 900Wh/kg. Fourth, the system has a high specific energy density. Solid electrolytes have no fluidity and can be connected in series to form high-voltage monomers, which is conducive to improving the grouping efficiency and energy density of power 12V27A battery systems. Fifth, the range of positive and negative electrode materials is wide, and new technologies such as metal lithium negative electrodes and high-potential positive electrode materials can be used at the same time. All-solid-state metal lithium-ion batteries are the research and development direction of new batteries in the future. In addition, solid-state batteries have a wide operating temperature range and electrochemical stability window, and have the potential to be thin-film and flexible.

2. Global companies are deploying solid-state batteries to compete for the first opportunity

Due to the current bottlenecks of lithium iron phosphate and ternary lithium-ion batteries, as well as the potential advantages of solid-state batteries, many companies in the industrial chain involving power lithium batteries, automobiles and energy in Europe, the United States, Japan, South Korea, my country and other countries are actively deploying and developing solid-state batteries.

In general, European and American countries are mainly entrepreneurial companies based on solid-state battery technology, and Japan is mainly based on traditional car companies and machinery companies. Battery technology innovation. Chinese companies entered the field of solid-state lithium-ion batteries relatively late, and are mainly supported by scientific research institutions or colleges and universities, and the industrialization process is slow.

In terms of research and development, the main force in my country is the scientific research institutions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, which have a certain accumulation and are basically at the same level as foreign countries, but the energy density is still far from the theoretical value. There is still a lot of room for improvement, and the ion conductivity and cycle life also need to be further improved. Solid-state lithium-ion batteries are divided into three technical routes according to solid electrolytes, namely polymer, oxide and sulfide solid electrolytes, and the technical routes adopted by various scientific research institutions are not the same. Among them, the Qingdao Institute of Energy and the Institute of Chemistry of the Chinese Academy of Sciences focus on polymer solid-state lithium-ion batteries. The former's experimental sample energy density reaches 300Wh/kg and completed deep-sea testing for the first time, while the latter breaks through the bottleneck of low conductivity of polymer solid electrolytes at room temperature; the research feature of the Institute of Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is to master the in-situ formation technology, and the 10Ah soft-pack battery developed has an energy density of 310-390Wh/kg and a volume specific energy of 800-890Wh/L; the Ningbo Institute of Materials and the Shanghai Institute of Silicates of the Chinese Academy of Sciences focus on the research of inorganic solid-state lithium-ion batteries and composite solid-state lithium-ion batteries respectively.

3. Technical and industrial barriers need to be broken through

After the research of companies and research institutions, solid-state battery technology has made breakthroughs, with an energy density of more than 300Wh/kg, but they are basically laboratory products and are still a certain distance away from industrialization.

At the technical level, the ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes, solid/solid interface compatibility and stability are still two major constraints. The conductivity of polymer electrolytes is low at room temperature, and generally needs to be heated to above 60oC to work properly. For example, Bolloré of France adopts the technical route of polymer electrolyte and battery heating; the conductivity of sulfide electrolytes is currently comparable to that of traditional lithium-ion batteries, but it still needs to break through the interface phase problem, and it is important to increase the amount of active substances and reduce the interface layer resistance through material synthesis and nanolayer technology. At the same time, metal lithium negative electrodes and new composite positive electrode materials are still under development, and it is expected to achieve the application of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries, by which time there will be huge breakthroughs in energy density, capacity, rate performance, safety performance and cycle life.

At the industrial level, the main difficulties in achieving large-scale production are production equipment, production process and production line environment. For example, the stacking, coating and packaging processes in the preparation of solid-state batteries require customized high-precision equipment, and the production line environment must also maintain a higher level of drying room. Only when large-scale production achieves an increase in output and yield can the cost of solid-state lithium-ion batteries be reduced.

Overall, the maturity of the production and preparation of solid-state lithium-ion batteries needs to be strengthened, and large-scale and automated production lines need to be further developed. It is still in the accumulation period of the industry. The overall development path of solid-state batteries is that, constrained by the solid/solid interface stability problem, the content of liquid electrolytes is gradually reduced, and the transition is made from liquid semi-solid solid-liquid mixed solid-state all-solid-state batteries; in the development of all-solid lithium metal batteries, constrained by the rechargeability of metal lithium negative electrodes, the negative electrode material will transition from graphite alloy negative electrodes (such as Si/C) to metal lithium negative electrodes. With the development of R&D technology and industrial production, the performance and production of solid-state batteries will be gradually optimized, and opportunities will be ushered in the power 12V27A battery market.

3. Potential technology substitutes still exist

In addition to the improvement of current lithium-ion batteries and the layout of solid-state batteries, in the innovation of power 12V27A battery technology, domestic and foreign companies and institutions/universities have made different attempts, and some indicators have been greatly improved compared with the current level, providing a strong reference for the improvement of power 12V27A battery performance.

By sorting out the technical indicators of typical innovation cases collected, it can be found that the key indicators of some products have been improved. In terms of energy density, aluminum-air batteries reach 780Wh/kg, lithium-sulfur batteries reach 350Wh/kg, and solid-state batteries reach 360Wh/kg; in terms of charging rate, the highest charging rate of typical innovative products has exceeded 100C. In terms of cycle life, typical innovative products can already exceed 15,000 times.

New batteries have many advantages. First, in terms of technology, for example, lithium-sulfur batteries use sulfur as the positive electrode material, and the theoretical specific energy of the battery can reach up to 2600Wh/kg. Lithium-air batteries are also a very promising high-capacity battery technology. They use the reversible reaction of lithium metal and oxygen, and the theoretical energy density reaches 11,000Wh/kg. Second, the industry can reduce dependence on scarce resources. For example, sodium-ion batteries have the advantages of abundant reserves and lower costs compared to lithium-ion batteries.

However, at present, innovative products of power lithium batteries are generally laboratory products, and new batteries still face many challenges in the next step of industrialization. For example, lithium-sulfur batteries have low safety, low volume-to-energy ratio, low discharge rate, low energy conversion efficiency and low number of cycles, and it is difficult to be applied in the automotive field in a short time. In general, although these studies are currently in the experimental stage and are far from industrialization, there is controversy in the industry as to whether they can replace the existing system batteries in a short period of time. But there is no doubt that these batteries are expected to break some technical bottlenecks of current power lithium batteries, reduce battery costs, and create longer driving range. In the development of the power 12V27A battery industry, these batteries cannot be ignored.

4. Summary

From the perspective of technological development, the current ternary and lithium iron phosphate batteries have dominated the automotive power 12V27A battery market. Ternary and lithium iron phosphate batteries have become important technical routes for mainstream companies, and the company is further deploying these two technical routes. From the perspective of development, ternary and lithium iron phosphate battery technologies have made breakthroughs, but there is still room for further improvement in technology, which will continue for some time in the industry competition.

From the perspective of new battery technology layout, solid-state batteries have technical advantages and can solve many problems facing the current industry. Domestic and foreign companies are competing to layout and have achieved technological breakthroughs. However, from the perspective of industrial development, solid-state batteries are currently in the accumulation period of the industry, and there are still many technical and industrial supporting issues that need to be solved.

On the other hand, in addition to the improvement of current lithium-ion batteries and the layout of solid-state batteries, many research institutions are also developing new generation batteries such as lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries, and have made breakthroughs in certain technologies, providing a favorable reference for the development of the battery industry. But in general, these studies are basically in the experimental stage, far from industrialization, and there are also many controversies in the industry, but it is undeniable that these batteries are expected to break some bottlenecks of current power lithium batteries, and they cannot be ignored in industrial development.

While improving the performance of existing technical route products, battery companies should also actively plan the research and development of next-generation batteries in order to take the lead in the next round of competition. Government departments should encourage companies, research institutions and universities to develop key materials, battery cells and key system technologies for power lithium batteries through various means such as scientific and technological plans (special projects, funds), relevant innovation projects and high-tech industry development projects, and actively promote the engineering and industrialization of key technologies and equipment such as the preparation, production process and testing of new products and new materials such as solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries, promote the construction of engineering and technical capabilities of the entire industry chain, and promote the application of new technologies and new products for power lithium batteries in demonstration and promotion projects.

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