CR2477 battery

Research on the industrialization development path of CR2477 battery

1 Basic concepts of power batteries 1.1 Definition Power batteries refer to devices that are used in automobiles, can store electrical energy and are rechargeable, and provide energy for driving the car. They include CR2477 battery, metal hydride nickel power batteries and supercapacitors, etc., but do not include lead-acid batteries. At present, the application of power batteries for new energy vehicles in my country is mainly based on lithium-ion power battery systems. Due to the criticality of power batteries in the field of automobile applications, power batteries are compared to the heart of new energy vehicles. 1.2 Classification 1.2.1 Industrial application of power batteries At present, the mainstream application type of batteries for new energy vehicles in the world is lithium-ion batteries. According to the difference in the positive electrode material system, the lithium batteries currently used in the market can be divided into types such as lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary batteries and lithium manganese oxide batteries. Lithium iron phosphate batteries, the positive electrode material is lithium iron phosphate. This type of battery has the main characteristics of high technical maturity, low production cost, good safety and long cycle life. Ternary batteries, the positive electrode materials of which are mainly composed of nickel, manganese (or aluminum), cobalt and lithium elements. The nickel-cobalt-manganese oxide battery currently has the highest market share. Ternary material batteries have higher energy density, better charge and discharge rate performance and low temperature performance, but their safety and cycle life are not as good as lithium iron phosphate batteries. As the name suggests, the positive electrode material of lithium manganese oxide batteries is lithium manganese oxide. This type of battery has low cost, excellent rate performance and good safety, but its disadvantages are poor storage and cycle life and low specific energy. 1.2.2 New power batteries under development Under the trend of electrification in the global automotive industry, vehicles with high driving range require power batteries with higher energy density and better rate charge and discharge performance. Therefore, the next generation of new system batteries should have high specific energy, high specific power, high safety, cycle life and lower cost indicators. At present, the two main directions of lithium battery research are solid-state batteries. 2 Current status of power battery industrialization development 2.1 International aspects 2.1.1 Market analysis From the perspective of the global power battery industry development pattern, the current power battery material research and development and technological innovation, production and manufacturing and industrialization have formed three major agglomeration areas, namely the United States and Japan are leading in research and development, and China, South Korea and Japan have the largest industrialization scale. From the perspective of market share, the batteries produced by Chinese, Korean and Japanese companies are used in nearly 95% of the world's automobiles, of which Chinese brand batteries account for more than 60%. From the perspective of comprehensive technology and industrial development, the United States and Japan are leading in technology research and development, South Korea is leading in engineering applications, and China is leading in industrial scale. Table 1 Global power battery companies supporting automobile companies Source: compiled based on public information 2.1.2 Analysis of mainstream technology route applications According to different application needs in the international and domestic markets, lithium batteries of different technology routes are widely used in the international and domestic markets. From the perspective of battery matching of global vehicle companies, Japanese and Korean batteries are mainly used in well-known global automobile groups, and the application models include hybrid models, plug-in hybrid models and pure electric models. In terms of technology routes, international automotive power battery monomers are mainly based on lithium manganese oxide and ternary material systems (nickel-cobalt-manganese and nickel-cobalt-aluminum systems of high nickel systems). In addition to CATL's extensive support for international brand vehicle batteries, my country's power batteries lack strong leading companies to participate in international competition. From the perspective of domestic automotive power battery supply, the commercial vehicle (bus, special vehicle) market has been developing steadily under the policy cultivation for many years. The application technology routes of power batteries of various companies are very small. The main development trend is to improve energy density, and the main technology route is still dominated by lithium iron phosphate. Domestic passenger car companies mainly use domestic brand power batteries, and the product application is mainly high-energy-density ternary batteries. In summary, in terms of the advancement and diversification of technology routes, the diversification of matching models, and the degree of international development of products, the comprehensive strength of my country's power battery companies still has a large room for development compared with Japanese and Korean companies. 2.1.3 Global major regional development strategies The United States, Europe, and Japan have different development routes in power batteries. The European Union has gradually realized that power batteries are lagging behind in industrial development. In order to avoid product supply dependence, it has begun to promote the implementation of the "Battery Alliance" plan, advocating EU member states to increase investment and promote the industrialization of power battery production and recycling in Europe. The US power battery industry has the advantage of next-generation battery research and development. First, the advantages in original material innovation and engineering technology innovation. The United States' battery basic material research and development technology and product integrated application technology are world-leading. Second, in terms of key materials for power batteries, the United States leads in solid-state batteries, positive lithium battery materials, silicon-based negative electrodes, and diaphragms. Dow Chemical is the world leader in positive materials and Celgard is the world leader in diaphragm technology. The scale of Japan's battery industry is smaller than that of China, but it leads in the layout of next-generation batteries. Japanese battery companies mainly include two categories. One is to jointly develop power battery research and development and production with Japanese vehicle companies, and the other is to independently supply batteries to global automakers. Panasonic is a representative company that provides supporting services for many well-known companies such as Volkswagen, Tesla, and Ford. In the field of next-generation battery research and development, the Japanese Ministry of Economy and Trade has jointly developed solid-state batteries with 23 automobile, power battery and material companies such as Toyota, Nissan, Honda, and Panasonic, and plans to fully master the relevant technologies of solid-state batteries in 2022. 2.2 Domestic 2.2.1 Industrial policy environment In order to promote the development of the power battery industry, my country has issued a corresponding policy system, which includes industrial support policies, development guidelines, management specifications, etc. The relevant policies are divided into macro-management policies, industry development policies, administrative management and regulatory systems, and feasibility study special support. At the macro level, the development guidance defines the main tasks of the power battery industry development, including basic and forward-looking scientific research deployment, technological innovation goals, key common technology breakthroughs, and power battery cascade utilization and recycling. In terms of industrial management, in order to maintain market order, rationally allocate resources, and promote industrial development, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology have issued policies to implement standardized management of the business activities of related enterprises. With the support of this policy system, the power battery technology level has rapidly improved, the industry scale has continued to expand, and the market concentration has continued to increase. Under this industrial development trend, the power battery industry has experienced a phased and structural overcapacity phenomenon, and the policy environment has also shifted from supporting the best to the survival of the fittest. 2.2.2 Industry characteristics The characteristics of my country's power battery industry are high unit investment (1GWh capacity construction generally requires 500 million yuan), high technical threshold, fast R&D innovation, high talent requirements, fast upgrading, and high production automation requirements. The power battery industry is a typical capital-intensive high-tech industry, which is specifically reflected in the large scale of capital investment, high quality of personnel, high threshold of the technical system, fast product R&D iteration, automation of production equipment, and lean quality management. At present, the construction scale of power battery enterprises is around 10GWh, and the investment in project construction alone is at least 500 million yuan. Power battery technology research and development and process engineering include nano-level basic material property research and development, four major main material processes (positive electrode, negative electrode, diaphragm, electrolyte), battery cell manufacturing, battery system integration, etc. The production process is complex, the environmental requirements are harsh, and the equipment precision requirements are extremely high, so the industry threshold is very high. 2.2.3 Analysis of mainstream technology types my country's power battery technology route is basically consistent with the global mainstream application. The global automotive power battery product application technology route is mainly nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material battery, the development of lithium manganese oxide and lithium iron phosphate technology routes is gradually slowing down, and advanced product technology routes such as solid-state batteries have not yet formed large-scale engineering applications. From the perspective of product specifications and standards, the power battery system has gradually shifted from the basic development of fuel vehicles to the forward development of new energy vehicle platforms, and the power battery system and the vehicle chassis are integrated with the design, thus gradually forming a trend of unified specifications and dimensions of battery cells, modules and systems. In the global competition, the core technical indicators and specifications of my country's power battery monomer products are not much different from those of global advanced products. 2.2.4 Analysis of regional industrial clusters my country's power battery industry is mainly distributed in Beijing-Tianjin, East China, Central China and South China. The industry in Beijing-Tianjin developed earlier, with CITIC Guoan Mengguli, Tianjin Lishen, Beijing Guoneng, Tianjin Jiewei, Tianjin BAK and other enterprises as the main ones; Central China has a traditional electrochemical industry foundation, forming an enterprise cluster dominated by upstream materials and the entire industrial chain of power batteries, with major enterprises including AVIC Lithium Battery, Dofluoro, Zhengzhou BAK, Henan Lithium Power, Xintaihang, Huanyu and others. East China is the region with the most developed power battery R&D strength, industrial scale and upstream and downstream industrial foundation in my country. It has driven the investment and development of the power battery industry with large-scale market demand, including well-known enterprises such as CATL, Guoxuan High-tech, Wanxiang, Tianneng, Chaowei, Shuangdeng and others. The demand for automotive power batteries of well-known automobile groups in the region has driven the development of the market and industry. South China has a number of digital product battery companies, and on this industrial basis, a number of power battery companies have been formed, including BYD, Watma, Xiongtao Power, Tianjin, Shenzhen BAK, EVE Energy, Xinwanda, Zhenhua New Energy, and Zhuoneng New Energy. 2.2.5 Market Analysis The development of my country's power battery market shows the characteristics of an increase in the number of passenger car battery components, an increase in the number of high-energy density battery components, and a further increase in industry concentration. According to statistics from the Power Battery Application Branch of the China Chemical and Physical Power Industry Association, the number of power batteries for new energy vehicles in my country exceeded 56.89GWh in 2018, an increase of 56.88% over 2017. The installed capacity of the top 20 companies was 52.23GWh, accounting for 91.8% of the annual installed capacity. Among them, ternary batteries accounted for 30.1GWh, accounting for 58.17%, an increase of 103.71% over 2017; lithium iron phosphate batteries accounted for 22.2GWh, accounting for 39%, an increase of 23.51% over 2017; lithium manganese oxide batteries accounted for 1.08GWh, accounting for 1.9%, a decrease of 26.7% over 2017; lithium titanate batteries accounted for 0.52GWh, accounting for 0.91%, a decrease of 8.99% over 2017. From the perspective of various power types, the cumulative installed capacity of power batteries for pure electric vehicles is about 53.01GWh, an increase of 55.64% over the same period last year; the cumulative installed capacity of power batteries for plug-in hybrid vehicles is about 3.82GWh, an increase of 75.34% over the same period last year. The survival of the fittest in my country's power battery industry is rapid, and a market pattern of two strong companies and multiple strong companies has taken shape. In 2018, the cumulative installed capacity of the top ten single companies was about 47 billion watt-hours, accounting for about 82.72% of the market. Among them, CATL and BYD led by a large margin, reaching 23.4 billion watt-hours and 11.4 billion watt-hours respectively. CATL's market share increased from 29.0% in 2017 to 41% in 2018, while BYD's market share increased from 15.5% in 2017 to 20.1% in 2018. According to the direction of industrial policy guidance and industrial development trends, the concentration of my country's power battery industry is expected to further increase. 2.2.6 Analysis of key enterprises From the perspective of power battery supporting characteristics, the product types of traditional leading companies in the power battery industry, such as CATL, BYD, Lishen, Guoxuan, and Farasis, can basically represent the mainstream types of domestic products. First, the material system is mainly ternary and lithium iron phosphate; second, high-energy-density ternary batteries are mainly equipped with passenger cars, and high-safety and low-cost lithium iron phosphate batteries are mainly used in buses and special vehicles; third, except for CATL, domestic power battery companies are still mainly equipped with domestic vehicle companies, which is still far behind the scale and influence of Japanese and Korean batteries equipped with internationally renowned brands of automobiles. 3 Paths for the industrialization of power batteries With the engineering and commercialization of power battery products with different technical routes, lithium-ion power battery technology is gradually improving towards higher energy density, cycle life and other indicators. Among them, the positive electrode material uses high-nickel ternary materials, the negative electrode adds nano-silicon to form silicon-carbon negative electrode materials, and the electrolyte gradually develops from liquid to solid, so as to achieve higher lithium battery energy density products and related market fields. Industrialization. 3.1 High-nickel ternary positive electrode materials 3.1.1 Technical principles, advantages and disadvantages Ternary materials are currently the best choice for high-energy density power batteries. High-nickel ternary is becoming the mainstream of power battery applications in the short term. Ternary materials combine the performance advantages of nickel (increasing battery capacity), cobalt (improving ion conductivity) and manganese (stabilizing structure), and are the mainstream products with high energy density, high performance and low cost in the near term. By 2020, the industrial energy density index of my country's high-nickel ternary lithium battery is 300Wh/kg, and we strive to achieve 350Wh/kg. High-nickel ternary materials still have certain shortcomings in technology. First, the nickel ratio of high-nickel ternary materials increases, which intensifies the mixing of nickel and lithium ions and reduces the discharge capacity; second, the phase change of nickel in the process of lithium extraction leads to volume change, which reduces the stability of the material structure and leads to a decrease in cycle life; third, impurities such as lithium carbonate are more likely to form on high-nickel positive electrode materials, and high temperature environments will cause flatulence, and impurities will react with electrolytes, which will eventually lead to a decrease in cycle life; fourth, the increase in nickel content generates heat, which reduces the thermal stability of positive electrode materials; fifth, the surface impurities of high-nickel ternary materials increase, and the optimization plan of electrolyte formula is still a problem. 3.1.2 R&D and industrialization, major R&D companies Internationally, Panasonic, Samsung SDI, LG Chem and other companies have achieved mass production of high-nickel ternary batteries (Panasonic nickel-cobalt-aluminum ternary material batteries are equipped with Tesla models, with a nickel, cobalt and aluminum ratio of 8:1.5:0.5, and a single cell energy density of 300Wh/kg). Domestically, companies are generally developing ternary material 622 system and 811 system technologies, but have not yet achieved large-scale mass production. Leading companies in the industry such as CATL, BYD, Lishen, and Guoxuan High-tech have made progress in the research and development of high-nickel ternary lithium batteries. BYD, AVIC Lithium Battery, and BAK Battery use high-nickel ternary materials for positive electrode materials, and nano-silicon material systems for negative electrode materials. The energy density is expected to be increased to 300Wh/kg in 2020. CATL's high-energy-density battery cells use high-nickel ternary/silicon-carbon material systems, and plans to reach 300Wh/kg in 2020. Guoxuan High-tech, China Electric Power Shen, and EVE Energy's high-energy-density battery cells use high-nickel ternary positive electrodes and silicon-based negative electrode material systems, and plans to reach 300Wh/kg in 2020. 3.2 Silicon-carbon negative electrode materials 3.2.1 Technical principles, advantages and disadvantages The silicon-carbon negative electrode material formed by nano-silicon and graphite can effectively increase the gram capacity of lithium batteries and further achieve higher energy density. From the performance of the currently commercialized silicon-carbon negative electrode materials, compared with graphite negative electrode materials, the biggest advantage of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials is the improvement of specific capacity. The minimum specific capacity of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials exceeds the theoretical specific capacity of graphite negative electrode materials. The theoretical energy density of graphite is 372mAh/g, and the theoretical energy density of silicon negative electrode is as high as 4200mAh/g. Despite this, silicon-carbon negative electrode materials still have shortcomings. First, the volume of silicon expands by 100% to 300% during the charging and discharging process, which affects the conductivity to a certain extent. Second, silicon is a semiconductor, and its conductivity is different from that of graphite. The degree of irreversibility is large during the lithium ion deintercalation process, and the first coulombic efficiency decreases. 3.2.2 R&D and industrialization, major R&D companies In the international field, Tesla Model 3 uses a power battery with silicon-carbon negative electrode, with a battery capacity of more than 550mAh/g and an energy density of 300Wh/kg. Silicon-based negative electrode lithium-ion battery developed by GS Yuasa of Japan, which has been applied to Mitsubishi and other well-known brands of automobiles; Maxell of Hitachi Group has developed a high-capacity silicon negative electrode lithium battery. Domestically, companies such as CATL, Guoxuan High-Tech, BYD, BAK, Lishen, and AVIC Lithium Battery have made progress in the research and development of silicon-carbon negative electrode batteries. At the same time, domestic negative electrode material manufacturers have made some layouts in the field of silicon-carbon negative electrodes. Companies such as BYD and Zichen have taken the lead in launching a number of silicon-carbon negative electrode materials that have been incorporated into the above-mentioned power battery research and development system. Shanshan Energy has industrialized silicon-carbon negative electrode materials. New silicon-carbon negative electrode materials have become the main focus of product research and development for battery and material companies. 3.3 Solid-state electrolytes 3.3.1 Technical principles, advantages and disadvantages Solid-state batteries are batteries that use solid electrodes and electrolytes. Currently, they include all-solid lithium batteries, lithium-air batteries, etc. (metal lithium and oxygen undergo reversible reactions). All-solid-state lithium batteries are an innovative system of lithium batteries. First, the content of industrial electrolytes in the battery cell gradually decreases, and solid-liquid mixed electrolytes gradually replace liquid electrolytes, and eventually develop into all-solid-state electrolytes. Electrolytes mainly include two categories, one is organic polymer solid electrolytes, and the other is inorganic polymer solid electrolytes. The solid electrolytes are different from traditional lithium battery electrolytes. They have high ionic conductivity, high ion migration number, good mechanical properties, good thermal stability, and good compatibility. Solid electrolytes are more stable than liquid electrolytes, and electrode materials will not dissolve. More solid material electrolytes with higher electrochemical stability are being studied, and in the future, positive and negative electrode materials are developing towards higher voltage and greater current capacity density. But at the same time, the industrial development of solid-state batteries has disadvantages such as high cost, low charging rate due to impedance and conductivity, and excessive impedance between the electrode and electrolyte interface. 3.3.2 R&D and industrialization, major R&D companies In terms of international, Toyota has a long history of research in the field of solid-state batteries, and its lithium-sulfur system battery has successfully applied for a patent in the United States. The biggest feature of this system is good thermal stability and safety, making it the most industrialized technology route. SolidPower uses lithium metal as the negative electrode technology route to develop products with higher energy density and conduct industrialization cooperation with BMW. In addition, Samsung SDI, Hyundai Group, Hitachi Group, Bolloré of France, Sakti3 of the United States and other companies have also made progress in the independent research and development of solid-state batteries, striving to achieve industrialization as soon as possible. Domestically, the Ningbo Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has studied high-safety and high-rate solid-state batteries with different electrolyte systems, with lithium metal anode and lithium-sulfur systems as the direction. The Qingdao Institute of Energy and Process Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed an ion conductive polymer system, which is composed of high molecular polymers and lithium salts. The system has significantly improved the mechanical strength of the structure. In addition, domestic companies such as CATL, China Power Shen, Ganfeng Lithium, and Guoneng Battery have carried out research and development and manufacturing process research on high energy density solid-state batteries above 400Wh/kg, and the industrialization progress of solid-state batteries replacing current lithium batteries has gradually accelerated. 4 Conclusion This paper analyzes the development status of my country's lithium-ion power battery industrialization in detail from the aspects of industry, market, and technology, and analyzes the development trend of my country's power battery industrialization from the perspective of industry and technology. It discusses the situation of my country's power batteries in terms of industrial structure, development quality, technology research and development, and international development. Finally, it points out the path of my country's lithium-ion power battery industrialization development. my country's power battery market has huge demand, but the industry competition is increasingly fierce, and industry reshuffle and integration are ongoing. The market will further concentrate on superior enterprises. In the process of industrial development, the main players in the power battery industry must put product performance and safety first, and continuously strengthen the research and development of new material system power batteries and the construction of manufacturing process innovation capabilities. Only those with sufficient product research and development strength and large-scale production capacity and grasping the direction of industrial development can be invincible in future competition.

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