First, the diversification of energy storage battery technology application
scenarios; second, the diversification of battery types; third, the
diversification of technical connotations; fourth, the diversification of
development goals. Let’s first look at the general industrial development
background. First of all, 2017 was the year of consensus on the development of
energy storage in China. Before this, there was a lot of controversy about
whether to develop energy storage. The issuance of the "Guiding Opinions on
Promoting the Development of Energy Storage Technology and Industry" in 2017 is
a sign that the spring of energy storage in China is coming. In 2018, global and
Chinese energy storage projects developed rapidly. Secondly, the core of
developing energy storage is to promote the consumption of renewable energy. In
the past five years, the cost of photovoltaic and wind power generation has
dropped rapidly, and the cost of power batteries has dropped due to new energy
vehicles. Energy storage has begun to be used in some previously uncompetitive
fields. With competitiveness, the multiple values of energy storage are
gradually reflected. Third, the spring of energy storage has arrived. Spring is
the season of budding and flowering, but the summer of vigorous development of
energy storage has not yet arrived. Nowadays, various types of energy storage
technologies, including physical energy storage, electrochemical energy storage,
chemical energy storage, and thermal and cold storage, have been demonstrated
and commercially applied. The advantages of energy storage have been
demonstrated in the applications, but many problems have also been discovered.
Especially electrochemical energy storage technology, it should be said that
there is still a considerable gap from the overall goal of "low cost, long life,
high safety, and easy recycling", and technological innovation and breakthroughs
are needed. Energy storage has six major application scenarios, renewable energy
grid connection, grid auxiliary services, grid transmission and distribution,
distributed and microgrid, user side, and a very special user side: the energy
supply system of electric vehicle VEG mode. There are many energy storage
application scenarios, and the three major functions of energy storage can be
roughly classified: first, to smooth intermittent power supply power
fluctuations, such a scenario requires power-based energy storage technology;
second, to reduce peak-valley differences, improve power system efficiency and
Equipment utilization, most of this scenario requires capacity-based energy
storage technology; third, to increase backup capacity and improve grid
security, stability and power supply quality, this requires UPS backup-type
energy storage technology. Of course, there is also a fourth type of composite
application, especially grid-side applications that participate in peak
regulation, frequency regulation and emergency backup. We call it composite or
energy-based energy storage technology. Therefore, the application scenarios of
energy storage are diverse. Therefore, we can infer from the application
requirements that the types of energy storage batteries can also be divided into
four major categories: capacity energy storage batteries, power energy storage
batteries, energy energy storage batteries, and backup energy storage batteries.
Making a distinction based on the power capacity ratio used by the battery will
help us develop different types of energy storage battery technologies.
Especially backup energy storage batteries. At present, it seems that the
cascade utilization of power batteries from large to small is completely
possible, but it still faces great difficulty from small to large. Its
consistency, safety issues, and cost face very big challenges. However, it is
still possible to use power battery cascades in some backup energy storage
scenarios. The so-called backup energy storage may be charged and discharged
only a few times a year, instead of charging and discharging every day. We often
talk about energy storage technology, especially energy storage battery
technology. So, what exactly is energy storage battery technology and what is
its technical connotation? I summarized that energy storage battery technology
should include six major connotations. The first is material technology, which
is the foundation. But for energy storage batteries, I particularly want to
emphasize the material properties, especially the material properties studied in
the laboratory. There is still a very big difference between the actual
performance of batteries that will be made into large batteries and used for
energy storage applications in the future, so you must not The performance of
laboratory materials is equated with the performance of energy storage
batteries, let alone the performance of energy storage battery systems. The
second is structural technology. Compared with small consumer batteries, energy
storage scenarios require high power and large capacity. Therefore, the research
and development of future energy storage batteries must fully consider the
integrated design of the internal structure and external structure of the
battery, and reduce the cost and safety pressure faced by the external system
through the innovative development of some internal structures. This is the
research on future energy storage battery structure technology. important
direction. We hope that our energy storage batteries can change from "petite and
rich" to strong and durable "silly, big and chunky" to meet the actual scene
needs of the power system. Third, manufacturing technology. Especially for
lithium-ion batteries, its manufacturing technology is derived from the previous
magnetic tape technology, using an adhesive film electrolytic structure, which
requires high-precision, very complex, and hundreds of manufacturing processes.
If you want to reduce manufacturing costs in the future, you need to combine
structural technology innovations in batteries to make the entire manufacturing
process simple and not complicated. The fourth application technology. Energy
storage battery application technology is battery energy storage technology in a
narrow sense that is often mentioned in power systems, including system
integration technology, BMS, PCS and EMS. Application technology is very
important. It is necessary to develop corresponding application technology for
different application scenarios, accumulate application data, discover
application problems, and evaluate application economics. In the future, there
should be independent energy storage battery system application service
providers with application technology development as the core. They will be
responsible for the design and planning, leasing, operation and maintenance, and
scrap recycling of the energy storage system. They will also cooperate with
insurance companies and promise to be responsible for the service life and
operation of the system. Safety. Fifth regeneration technology. Our consumer
batteries only have a lifespan of three to five years, because our mobile phones
have to be replaced in three to five years, so it doesn’t make much sense no
matter how long the battery life is. However, the power system requires a life
span of ten or even more than twenty years for battery energy storage systems,
and ten years is almost a ceiling for our batteries with existing technology.
Therefore, during the operation of energy storage systems in the future, new
battery regeneration technologies may need to be developed to extend the service
life of energy storage batteries. After the battery has been used for a period
of time, the battery performance can be re-activated through in-situ repair of
the SEI film on the surface of the positive and negative electrode materials,
and the replenishment and replacement of the electrolyte to extend the actual
calendar service life of the energy storage lithium battery. For example, the
slurry-thick electrode morphology of lithium slurry batteries gives them the
possibility of online regeneration during their lifetime. The last one,
recycling technology, is very important. Including waste battery replacement
technology, safe transportation technology, recycling technology and resource
reuse technology. The recycling process and technology of lithium batteries are
not yet mature. It needs to be combined with material technology and structural
technology to develop new energy storage battery technology that is convenient
for recycling and regeneration. Innovative improvements should be made in
product design and battery recycling and processing should be considered in
advance from the production end. , in order to realize the sustainable
development of resources in the energy storage lithium battery industry, which
is of important strategic significance. In the past two days, the association is
taking experts from the World Bank to inspect the existing battery recycling
situation. Including replacement processing, safe transportation, end-of-life
recycling and resource reuse. We know that scrapped batteries are more dangerous
than new batteries. How will the batteries be transported back to the base after
they are scrapped? Is it possible to develop innovative technologies? Safely
handle the batteries before they are scrapped so that they are absolutely
impossible to burn and explode. This is storage New issues facing energy
batteries. Therefore, the technical connotation of energy storage batteries is
very rich. These six technical connotations require us to make breakthroughs
from all aspects, not just breakthroughs in material technology. Industry pain
points. There are four major comprehensive problems with energy storage
batteries: high cost, short life, poor safety, and difficult recycling. For
lithium-ion batteries, it is a core design idea of a bonded-coated thin-film
electrode structure and the parallel connection of internal pole pieces followed
by the tabs, which brings fundamental problems to the consistent design of
battery cells and battery systems. Yesterday we went to Kehua. Mr. Chen from
Kehua said that the application of nanoparticle materials in batteries requires
nanoscale mechanical control and power control. This makes sense. This requires
the existing battery manufacturing control accuracy to be very high. Why?
Because its electrode layer is only a very thin thickness of more than 100
microns and contains nano-micron particles, it requires high-precision control,
which makes it very difficult to reduce battery manufacturing costs. Therefore,
innovative technologies are needed, such as the development of capacity-type
ultra-thick electrode technology, to reduce the absolute requirements for
manufacturing precision and reduce the manufacturing cost of energy storage
batteries. Therefore, we say that the development of energy storage batteries
has gradually changed from the original primary requirement of high energy
density of consumer batteries to the core requirement of low cost. The use of
batteries in mobile phones is a necessity. Mobile phones are inseparable from
batteries. Therefore, whether batteries are cheap or expensive, batteries must
be used. However, if energy storage batteries are too expensive, the power
system can be used without them, and non-energy storage methods can even be used
to solve some of the problems faced by energy storage. Therefore, "low cost" has
become our primary goal in the development of energy storage batteries. Let me
briefly explain the development goals. The cost of energy storage batteries in a
narrow sense only includes primary (purchase) costs, while the cost of energy
storage batteries in a broad sense also includes secondary (operation and
maintenance) costs and tertiary (recycling) costs. Among them, the primary cost
includes the material cost and manufacturing cost of the battery. In the case of
limited room for material cost reduction, simplifying the battery production
process and reducing manufacturing costs and labor costs through subversive
design of battery structure technology will be an important cost reduction
direction for new energy storage batteries. Secondary costs are closely related
to battery life. It is necessary to combine material technology and structural
technology to develop new repair and regeneration technology to extend the
service life of batteries and reduce the cost per kilowatt-hour of capacity
batteries and the frequency cost of power batteries. The third cost mainly
refers to the recycling cost of the battery. At present, if the recycling and
regeneration process of energy storage batteries is to fully comply with the
requirements of environmental protection standards, the cost is still very high.
Innovative battery design ideas and recycling ideas are needed to reduce the
tertiary costs of batteries. At present, the cost of energy storage batteries is
relatively high, so it can be applied in some complementary scenarios first. In
the future, as the cost drops, it can gradually be applied in competitive
scenarios. The second long life, battery cycle life is the basis of calendar
service life, but it is not equivalent to the actual calendar service life of
the battery. Currently, there is a lack of suitable accelerated aging
experimental standards that can correspond to the actual calendar decay changes
of batteries. In the future, in addition to establishing relevant testing
standards, it is also necessary to develop innovative online repair and
regeneration technology to increase the calendar service life of energy storage
batteries and meet actual energy storage working conditions. If the battery
cycle life tested in the laboratory is 3650 times, even if it is charged and
discharged once a day, 365 times in 365 days a year, which is exactly 3650 times
in ten years, we cannot say that the battery has a calendar life of ten years.
Because the battery is a highly non-equilibrium chemical system, even if it is
not charged or discharged, its performance will be attenuated when placed
somewhere, which is very important. Therefore, regeneration technology must be
developed in the future, and here are the reasons. Moreover, the direction of
application development will change from passive operation and maintenance now
to active operation and maintenance in the future. We need active operation and
maintenance. The annual operation and maintenance cost of our pumped storage
power station is about 70 million to 80 million yuan. Why does the
electrochemical energy storage system not require operation and maintenance?
it's out of the question. The third goal is high security. The safety of energy
storage batteries is very important. Relatively speaking, aqueous batteries such
as flow batteries and lead-acid batteries are safer and can meet the safety
requirements of energy storage power stations. However, the charging cut-off
voltage of the battery also needs to be strictly controlled to prevent the
aqueous solution from overvoltage electrolysis. Hydrogen evolution and
explosion; the safety issues of organic lithium-ion batteries are more
prominent. Currently, they are generally at a safety passing line of around 60
points, waiting for technological breakthroughs; solid-state batteries do not
contain flammable electrolytes, so they have the highest safety. After mass
production is achieved in the future, it may first be applied to certain special
scenarios with high safety requirements. However, if solid-state batteries are
to be applied to power energy storage on a large scale, there are still
considerable difficulties that need to be overcome in terms of cost reduction,
longevity and system consistency. In addition, the recycling and processing of
solid-state batteries is also a big problem. Safety prevention technology to
avoid battery (internal or external) short circuit and emergency maintenance
technology after battery short circuit occurs are important directions for the
development of energy storage battery safety technology. It is not enough to
simply protect the safety of lithium energy storage batteries through external
fire extinguishing devices. In the future, disruptive battery structure
technology and safety maintenance technology must be developed to completely
solve battery safety issues from within the battery and ensure the safety of
energy storage batteries. Safe operation of transportation and energy storage
power stations. The fourth goal is easy recycling. The recycling and utilization
of resources will be the biggest challenge facing the future large-scale
application of energy storage batteries. There are three basic requirements for
energy storage batteries to achieve the goal of being easy to recycle: 1. The
battery recycling process meets safety and environmental standards; 2. Near 100%
recycling of rare precious metal elements; 3. The battery has a certain residual
value. The current demonstration application of energy storage lithium battery
systems basically does not take into account the recycling and processing links
after the batteries are scrapped in the future. What's more serious is that
there is currently a widespread misconception in the battery industry that
scrapped lithium batteries are rich in various valuable precious metals, so
there is no need to worry about recycling. The actual situation is that there
are serious conflicts and contradictions between the "value" and "environmental
protection" of scrapped batteries. The material system selection and battery
structure design of existing energy storage lithium batteries enable valuable
recycling that fully meets environmental protection requirements. The work is
very difficult. The development of renewable energy requires the support of
renewable energy storage. If energy storage battery material resources cannot be
recycled well, for example, only more than 70% of the lithium element in current
batteries can be recycled. At present, if we want to achieve a recovery rate of
more than 90%, it is technically possible, but the cost is simply unacceptable.
Now only the profitable elements are extracted, and the other elements that are
difficult to dispose of are scrapped and landfilled. If we want to strive for
more than 90% material recycling in the future, we must develop new energy
storage battery structure technologies and recycling technologies that are easy
to recycle. Our existing demonstration and commercial application industries are
of course based on existing relatively mature technology products, such as
lithium iron phosphate batteries, which have now been gradually used in the
construction of energy storage power stations on the grid side and on the user
side. However, based on the gap in the above development goals, we still need to
develop new energy storage battery technologies in the future. We need to
completely break away from the structural design ideas of small batteries and
develop disruptive large energy storage battery technologies, such as plasma for
capacity-type energy storage. Material battery technology, high-voltage battery
technology suitable for power energy storage, and other technical directions. A
hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend. Let me briefly
introduce our work below. Lithium slurry battery, all or part of the electrodes
of the battery are composed of lithium storage active material, conductive agent
and electrolyte in slurry state. The technical name of Lithium Slurry Battery
was first formally proposed by our team in the invention patent in 2015, but the
initial research and development work began 8 years ago. Different from the
fixed bonded electrodes of traditional lithium-ion batteries, lithium slurry
batteries have two significant technical features: ultra-thick slurry electrodes
and maintainability and regeneration. Ultra-thick slurry electrode: The
thickness of the electrode in the slurry state can reach the millimeter level,
which is more than 10 times the thickness of the coated and bonded electrodes of
ordinary lithium-ion batteries. It is easier to control absolute precision, and
the cost of battery manufacturing is reduced. A single electrode sheet The
capacity has been greatly increased, making it more suitable for providing
large-capacity energy storage power output; the non-bonded electrode does not
have the problem of loosening and falling off, and has a long dynamic service
life. Maintainable regeneration: When the battery performance declines after
being used for a period of time, the internal interface of the battery can be
repaired through fluid replacement and regeneration technology to re-improve the
battery vitality.Extend the service life of the calendar; after the battery is
scrapped, the non-bonded electrode is easy to recycle, achieving low-cost
recycling of more than 90% of the materials. Currently, lithium slurry batteries
have been used in demonstration applications in photovoltaic energy storage
systems and low-speed electric vehicles. This is a third-party safety test, and
this is a patent. We have applied for more than 90 invention patents and have an
independent technical roadmap internationally. This is our pilot base, with a
total area of 1,400 square meters. We have developed the first generation of
pilot products and are currently developing the second generation. It is
expected that the construction of the expanded production line will begin in the
second half of the year. The application scenarios of energy storage are
diverse. Therefore, no single technology can solve all energy storage problems.
Lithium slurry batteries are typical capacity batteries and are not suitable for
use at high rates. Therefore, high-power energy storage scenarios require the
development and application of some other new technologies, such as high-voltage
batteries. To summarize, first, it is demand-oriented and appropriate energy
storage technology should be developed according to the actual needs of
different application fields. Low cost, long life, high safety, and easy
recycling are the overall goals for the development of energy storage battery
technology. Second, innovation is needed in the future, and not just material
innovation, but also innovation in structural technology, manufacturing
technology, repair technology, recycling technology, and application technology.
There is a lot of research and development work to be done. Third, despite the
emergence of various new technologies in the laboratory, in actual applications,
in the past five years, specialized large-capacity and high-power energy storage
lithium batteries with innovative structural designs for different energy
storage application scenarios will the most widely used. Energy storage has a
long way to go from promoting the consumption of renewable energy to reducing
the cost of using renewable energy.
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