Friends who drive new energy electric vehicles in the north report that
their cruising range is significantly reduced in winter. As a result, I didn't
dare to turn on the air conditioning and could only endure the cold and
shivering in the car. This directly leads to a very poor experience with new
energy vehicles. Everyone knows that our life is provided by air conditioning in
summer, and by heating in winter. So today, let’s follow Xiaoxing to learn about
the heat pump thermal management system of new energy vehicles and how it
improves the experience of new energy vehicles.
↑Winter cruising range comparison
The main reason for introducing a heat pump system is that pure electric
vehicles or plug-in hybrid vehicles that support pure electric driving can no
longer use the engine as a stable heat source for heating. Therefore, before the
introduction of the heat pump system, the heating function of the air
conditioning system of electric vehicles was mainly completed by electric
heaters, also known as resistance PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient)
heaters. And you should know that the heat obtained by direct electric heating
will greatly reduce the battery's power and driving range. As shown in the
figure below, according to statistics, when driving in winter and turning on the
air conditioning heating function based on electric heating, almost half of the
electricity is used for heating. Only half of the power is left for driving.
Using a heat pump system for heating will significantly increase the
mileage.
↑Volkswagen Golf GTE high-voltage electric heating module PTC Heater
So which electric vehicles are using air conditioning systems with electric
heating technology? The picture below is a schematic diagram of the thermal
management system pipeline used in the Volkswagen Golf GTE golf plug-in hybrid
version. From the picture, you can see that the entire thermal management
pipeline is divided into two sets, the left one including a high temperature
pipeline and a low temperature pipeline. On the right is another set of
low-temperature pipelines. The high-voltage electric heating module PTC Heater
used can be seen in the high-temperature pipeline, which is used to provide air
conditioning and heating functions in the cabin. Correspondingly, the 2012
Nissan electric car LEAF and Tesla Model S both use a 6kW electric heating
module for heating.
↑Volkswagen Golf GTE thermal management pipeline diagram
In fact, in the heat pump thermal management system, although it is
controlled by multiple pumps and valves, there is no component called the heat
pump. It is called a heat pump because the heat pump system has characteristics
similar to that of a water pump in moving water from a low place to a high
place. The entire heat pump system can move heat from a place with a low
temperature to a place with a high temperature. For example, in summer, the heat
pump system does not bring in the low temperature outside the car. On the
contrary, it moves the heat inside the car to the outside. Thereby achieving the
cooling effect.
↑Heat pump thermal management system cooling mode
Correspondingly, during heating in winter, the heat pump system sends heat
from outside the car to the inside of the car. Then you may want to ask again,
can heat be transported in even if it is dozens of degrees below zero outside
the car? As mentioned before, there is still heat even at temperatures of tens
of degrees below zero. If there is heat, it can be transported.
↑Heating mode of heat pump thermal management system
So how can the heat pump system be applied to the automobile air
conditioning system? As shown in the figure below, the heat pump system is a
process that uses an electric compressor 1 to absorb heat 2 from the external
ambient temperature and transport it to the cabin 3 for heating.
↑Introduction to the principle of heat pump thermal management system
The specific process is shown in the figure below. 1. Heat is absorbed from
the environment into the heat pump system, 2. The heat is compressed and heated,
3. The heat is used to heat the cold air in the cabin and warm it up, 4. After
heating The air is sent into the car, and 5. the decompressed heat is converted
into low-temperature heat and discharged outside the car. The heat pump system
needs to take into account both heating and cooling conditions. The interior
evaporator in cooling mode acts as a condenser in heating mode, and the
corresponding exterior condenser in cooling mode acts as an evaporator in
heating mode.
↑Working process of heat pump thermal management system
So which electric models currently use heat pump systems? The pure electric
version of Volkswagen e-Golf can be equipped with a heat pump air conditioning
system in the US market. The picture below shows the heat pump air conditioning
system used in the Audi R8 e-tron pure electric version. At the same time, BMW
said its i3 electric car also uses a heat pump air conditioning system.
↑Audi R8 e-tron pure electric version heat pump air conditioning system
The picture below shows the heat pump air conditioning system from Japan's
Denso used in the 2013 Renault Zoe pure electric car. It is also used in the
Nissan LEAF after 2013. This heat pump system uses two sets of solenoid valves
numbered 10 and 11 to control the flow of refrigerant in the pipeline. The
evaporator No. 5 and the condenser No. 4 are placed on the side close to the
compartment. Just rely on the baffle on the No. 4 condenser to control whether
the air only flows through the evaporator and becomes cold air in the cooling
mode, or whether the air flows through the condenser and becomes hot air in the
heating mode. The corresponding external heat exchanger 1 at the front of the
engine compartment serves as a condenser in cooling mode and as an evaporator in
heating mode. In this way, the entire air conditioning system requires three
heat exchangers numbered 1, 4, and 5. The system has become a little more
complicated, but it is still worth it for the reliability of the components in
the high temperature and vibration environment of the car engine compartment. In
this heat pump system, 1kW of electricity can produce 3kW of cooling effect and
2kW of heating effect.
↑Renault Nissan heat pump thermal management system
I hope the above content can help you understand the heating principle of
the new energy vehicle heat pump thermal management system, and I also hope that
it can increase the cruising range while improving your new energy vehicle
driving experience.
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