What are the working principles of super capacitors?

　　Super capacitor battery is also called gold capacitor or farad capacitor. It stores energy through polarized electrolyte and belongs to a kind of double layer capacitor. Since the process of energy storage does not take place chemical reaction, this energy storage process is reversible, precisely because this supercapacitor can be repeatedly charged and discharged hundreds of thousands of times. Super capacitors generally use activated carbon electrode materials, which have the characteristics of large adsorption area and more electrostatic storage, and are widely used in new energy vehicles.

　　The supercapacitor battery, also known as the electric double layer capacitor, is a new type of energy storage device. It has the characteristics of short charging time, long service life, good temperature characteristics, energy conservation and environmental protection. Super capacitors are widely used. It is used as the power balance power supply of the lifting device to provide super current power; As the starting power supply for vehicles, the starting efficiency and reliability are higher than those of traditional batteries, which can replace traditional batteries in whole or in part; The traction energy used for vehicles can produce electric vehicles, replace traditional internal combustion engines, and transform existing trolleybuses; It can ensure the smooth start of tanks, armored vehicles and other combat vehicles (especially in cold winter), and can be used as the pulse energy of laser weapons. In addition, it can be used for energy storage of other electromechanical equipment

　　Because of the shortage of oil resources and the increasingly serious environmental pollution caused by the exhaust emissions of internal combustion engines burning oil (especially in large and medium-sized cities), people are studying new energy devices to replace internal combustion engines. The research and development of hybrid power, fuel cell, chemical cell products and applications have been carried out, and certain results have been achieved. However, due to their inherent short service life, poor temperature characteristics, chemical battery pollution, complex system, high cost and other fatal weaknesses, there has been no good solution. Super capacitors, with their excellent characteristics, can partly or completely replace traditional chemical batteries for traction power and starting energy of vehicles, and have more extensive uses than traditional chemical batteries. Because of this, all countries in the world (especially western developed countries) spare no effort to research and develop supercapacitors. Among them, the United States, Japan, Russia and other countries not only take the lead in R&D and production, but also have established special national management institutions (such as USABC in the United States, SUN in Japan, REVA in Russia, etc.) to formulate national development plans, which are actively promoted by the state's huge investment and human resources. As far as the technical level of supercapacitors is concerned, Russia is ahead of the world at present. Its products have been commercially produced and applied, and have been rated as the most advanced products by the 17th International Electric Vehicle Annual Conference (EVS-17). Japan, Germany, France, Britain, Australia and other countries are also catching up. At present, the field of promotion and application of supercapacitors in various countries has been quite extensive. Promoting the use of super capacitors in China can reduce oil consumption, reduce dependence on oil imports, and is conducive to national oil security; Effectively solve the problem of urban exhaust gas pollution and lead acid battery pollution; It is beneficial to solve the problem of low temperature starting of combat vehicles. At present, there are more than 10 domestic enterprises engaged in the research and development of supercapacitors

　　The so-called lithium battery life means that after a period of use, the capacity of the battery decreases to 70% of its nominal capacity (room temperature 25 ℃, standard atmospheric pressure, and battery capacity discharged at 0.2C), which means that the battery life is terminated. In the industry, the cycle life is generally calculated by the cycle times of full charge and discharge of lithium battery. In the process of use, irreversible electrochemical reactions will occur inside the lithium battery, leading to a decrease in capacity, such as the decomposition of electrolyte, the deactivation of active materials, and the collapse of positive and negative pole structures, leading to a decrease in the number of lithium ions embedded and de embedded. Experiments show that higher rate of discharge will lead to faster capacity attenuation. If the discharge current is low, the battery voltage will approach the balance voltage, which can release more energy.

　　The theoretical life of ternary lithium battery is about 800 cycles, which is medium among commercial rechargeable lithium batteries. Lithium iron phosphate is about 2000 times, while lithium titanate is said to reach 10000 cycles. At present, the mainstream battery manufacturers promise in their ternary cell specifications that they will charge and discharge more than 500 times (under standard conditions). However, after the cell is assembled into a battery pack, due to the consistency problem, the main reason is that the voltage and internal resistance cannot be exactly the same, and its cycle life is about 400 times. The manufacturer recommends that the SOC use window be 10%~90%, and it is not recommended to conduct deep charging and discharging, otherwise, the positive and negative pole structures of the battery will be irreversibly damaged. If the calculation is based on shallow charging and discharging, the cycle life will be at least 1000 times. In addition, if the lithium battery is often discharged at high rate and high temperature, the battery life will be significantly reduced to less than 200 times.

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