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Detailed analysis of power button battery cr1620 technology and application fields

The general trend of electrification is intensifying. Through policy guidance and support, my country has become the world's largest new energy vehicle market. As we all know, the important bottleneck of new energy vehicles lies in the battery life. Against this background, the state has issued the "Action Methods for Promoting the Development of Automotive Power Lithium Batteries" and the "Energy-Saving and New Energy Vehicle Technology Roadmap" to encourage the use of high-energy density batteries. The recent "Foreign Investment Industry Guidance Catalogue (2017 Practice)" policy proposes to lift restrictions on pure electric vehicle joint ventures and cancel restrictions on automotive electronics and power lithium battery shares. This is also an important measure to promote the promotion and application of high-energy density batteries in the new energy vehicle market.

Batteries are a very deep subject, because this thing has been very, very widely used in our lives since its invention, such as 3C, such as energy storage.

Power lithium batteries refer to batteries with large electrical capacity and output power, which can be configured with electric bicycles, electric vehicles, electric equipment and tool drive power supplies. They usually also include (, advanced intelligent robots, etc.) and standby power supplies for energy storage equipment communication and command systems used by enterprises and institutions. With the development and commercial production of emerging electric bicycles and electric vehicles, and the development of new and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), the demand for new green power lithium batteries has increased significantly. At present, the most widely used power lithium batteries in the world include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium-ion batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. These power lithium batteries have their own advantages and have been widely used in different fields.

▌Types and performance of power lithium batteries

Lead-acid batteries

Lead-acid batteries were invented by Plante (R.G..Plante) in 1859 and are the earliest batteries to be used. Plante batteries use two lead plates as electrodes and are placed in a sulfuric acid solution for electrolysis. By constantly changing the direction of the electrolytic current, the storage capacity of the lead plates is gradually increased, but the battery specific energy is very low.

Traditional lead-acid batteries have two important disadvantages: one is that they need to be constantly added with water for maintenance during their service life; the other is that they cannot be placed in any direction due to the risk of acid leakage in the rich liquid. After continuous research, in the mid-20th century, the gel electrolyte technology and maintenance-free sealing technology were invented: in 1955, the German Sunshine Company first used gel electrolyte technology in lead-acid batteries and put it on the market. In the mid-1960s, the company developed the Dryfit practical gel electrolyte sealed lead-acid battery series. In 1968, Desai submitted the first patent describing the gas-sealed lead-acid battery, which was officially published in 1974. In 1972, D.H.McLelland and J.L.Devitt of the Gates Company in the United States invented the adsorbed ultrafine glass fiber separator (AGM), which solved the problem of the compound circulation of oxygen inside the battery in practice and developed a cylindrical AGM valve-controlled sealed lead-acid battery (VRLAB). The electrolyte of this battery is adsorbed in the glass fiber diaphragm, and the electrolyte cannot flow freely. Compared with the traditional flooded lead-acid battery (the electrolyte can flow freely), the valve-controlled lead-acid battery is a lean battery. In the more than 30 years since then, VRLAB batteries have developed rapidly and have been widely used in various professional departments such as electricity, railways, ships, and communications. The emergence of VRLA technology has promoted the development of lead-acid batteries and ushered in a period of prosperity and development.

Lead-acid batteries are the most technologically mature batteries among all chemical power sources. They have the advantages of low price, high safety, good high current discharge performance, and high battery recovery rate. They have been widely used in electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, communications industry, power industry backup power supply, railway diesel locomotives and other fields. However, due to the shortcomings of low specific energy and insufficient environmental protection, new materials, new structures, and new technologies for lead-acid batteries are still under continuous research, such as corrosion-resistant lead alloy positive grids, foam lead grids, foam carbon grids, new negative electrode additives, super lead-acid batteries, etc.

Nickel-based batteries

Alkaline nickel-based batteries mainly include nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-zinc batteries, and nickel-hydrogen batteries. Among them, nickel-cadmium batteries have been widely used in many fields, but the risk of cadmium pollution in waste nickel-cadmium batteries has greatly limited their application. EU countries have banned the use of nickel-cadmium batteries in power lithium batteries, and they are basically on the verge of elimination; when charging nickel-zinc batteries, the negative zinc is prone to dendrites, which leads to diaphragm puncture and affects the battery life; in contrast, nickel-metal hydride batteries are the power lithium batteries with the best comprehensive performance. At present, nickel-metal hydride batteries have been widely used in commercial electric vehicles.

Nickel-metal hydride batteries are batteries composed of hydrogen ions and metal nickel. The positive active material is nickel hydroxide, the negative active material is a hydrogen storage alloy, and the electrolyte uses a 6M potassium hydroxide solution. Its electrochemical formula can be expressed as:

(-)M/MH︱KOH︱Ni(OH)2/NiOOH(+)When charging, hydrogen ions (H+) in the KOH electrolyte will be released and absorbed by the hydrogen storage alloy, and the positive electrode will change from Ni(OH)2 to NiOOH and H2O; when discharging, hydrogen will be consumed at the negative electrode, and the positive electrode will change from NiOOH to Ni(OH)2.

NiMH batteries have the characteristics of high specific energy and high specific power. Their specific energy is 3 times higher than that of lead-acid batteries; their specific power is nearly 10 times higher than that of lead-acid batteries. In addition, NiMH batteries also have good overcharge and discharge tolerance and thermal performance, so they have high safety and reliability. Fast charging, environmental pollution, and long life are also the advantages of NiMH batteries.

However, since the raw materials nickel and hydrogen storage alloys are very expensive, the cost of NiMH batteries is high, and price has become an important factor restricting the development of NiMH batteries. The application of NiMH batteries in the field of electric vehicles has shown limitations.

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Research on lithium-ion batteries began in 1990 when Nagoura et al. developed a button battery cr1620 with petroleum coke as the negative electrode and lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode. In the same year, two major battery companies, Sony of Japan and Moli of Canada, announced that they would launch lithium-ion batteries with carbon as the negative electrode. In 1991, Sony Energy Technology of Japan and its battery department jointly developed a button battery cr1620 with polysulfate pyrolysis carbon (PFA) as the negative electrode. In 1993, Bellcore of the United States first reported polymer lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries are high-energy secondary batteries in which Li+ is repeatedly embedded and de-embedded in positive and negative electrode materials. They are usually composed of the following components:

(1) Negative electrode, which undergoes oxidation reaction during discharge and is mostly made of carbon materials;

(2) Positive electrode, which undergoes reduction reaction during discharge and is mostly made of transition metal oxides, such as LiCoO2;

(3) Electrolyte, which provides a transport medium for ion movement;

(4) Diaphragm, which provides electronic isolation for positive and negative electrodes. Aluminum foil is usually used as the positive electrode current collector, and copper foil is used as the negative electrode current collector.

Compared with other power lithium batteries, the advantages of lithium-ion batteries are very obvious:

1) High energy density, volume energy and mass energy can reach 300Wh/cm3 and 125Wh/kg respectively, and up to 350Wh/cm3;

2) High average output voltage (about 3.9V), which is 3 times that of Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries;

3) High output power;

4) Low self-discharge, less than 10% per month, less than half of the self-discharge of Ni-CdNi-NH;

5) No memory effect like Ni-CdNi-NH batteries;

6) Fast charge and discharge;

7) High charging efficiency. Up to 100%;

8) Wide operating temperature range, -25Co~70Co;

9) No environmental pollution, called green battery;

10) Long service life, up to about 1200 times, and the longest up to 3000 times.

Therefore, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in consumer electronics, specialty products, and products. However, with reports of accidents such as button battery cr1620 explosions and fires, safety issues have become a key problem in the development of button battery cr1620 technology. There are a series of potential exothermic reactions inside lithium-ion batteries, which is the root cause of button battery cr1620 safety issues. Whether the safety issues caused by thermal runaway can be effectively solved has also become a key factor in promoting or restricting the further development of lithium-ion batteries.

Fuel cell

Fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidant into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. Like general traditional batteries, it is also a power generation device that works based on electrochemical principles. The difference is that as long as the fuel is continuously supplied, the fuel cell can continuously supply electrical energy. There is no thermal engine process in the fuel cell, that is, it is not limited by the Carnot cycle, so the energy conversion efficiency is very high, and there will be no pollution in the reaction process, and the only product is water.

There are many types of fuel cells. Based on the different properties of their electrolytes, they can be divided into five types of fuel cells: proton exchange membrane fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells and alkaline fuel cells.

As a new type of power generation technology, fuel cells have the following characteristics:

1) High energy conversion efficiency: The fuel in the fuel cell is directly converted into electrical energy without combustion and is not restricted by the Carnot cycle. Therefore, the efficiency of fuel cells is higher than that of ordinary heat engines. The theoretical value of energy conversion efficiency is as high as more than 60%, and the actual use efficiency is 2 to 3 times that of ordinary internal combustion engines.

2) Environmentally friendly: The fuel directly undergoes electrochemical reactions in the fuel cell and reacts with water in the air. In this process, almost no environmental pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) are emitted. In addition, the fuel cell has a simple structure, no movable parts, and low noise and vibration levels.

3) Fuel diversity: Fuel cells have a wide range of fuel sources, including gaseous fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas and biogas, and liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, methanol, ethanol and formic acid. They are in line with the trend of energy diversification and are in response to the increasing depletion of fossil energy such as oil and coal.

4) Wide application areas: Unlike ordinary batteries, fuel cells allow for arbitrary scaling between power (determined by the size of the fuel cell) and capacity (determined by the size of the fuel storage), and can be easily scaled from 1W to MW. They are used in portable power supplies, distributed power stations and centralized power stations, as well as in aerospace, ships, automobiles and other transportation vehicles.

It is precisely because of these outstanding advantages that the research and development of fuel cell technology has been favored by governments and companies around the world, and will set off a green revolution in new energy and environmental protection in the 21st century. Fuel cells provide the most efficient and environmentally friendly on-board power for power vehicles, but there are still many problems to be solved to achieve the widespread application of fuel cells, such as the high cost of battery development (using precious metals such as platinum as catalysts), the difficulty of hydrogen storage and transportation, and the problem of short battery cycle life.

Performance comparison

These power lithium batteries have their own advantages and have been widely used in different fields. The important technical characteristics of common power lithium batteries are shown in Table 1

Power lithium battery technology analysis and application fields

▌Market and application of power lithium batteries

Electric bicycles

Europe and the United States and other Western countries have produced and sold electric bicycles earlier. There are production companies in the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Italy and other countries that have launched electric bicycles. A statistic from the Japan Bicycle Promotion Association shows that there are more than 100 electric bicycle manufacturers in the world. The most famous companies that produce power lithium batteries for them are Japan's Sanyo Electric Company, Toshiba Battery Company, France's Saffort Company, Germany's Varta Company, etc.

As a means of transportation for the development of our country, electric bicycles have also developed rapidly in recent years, especially in my country. Since 1998, the domestic production of electric bicycles has been increasing at an average annual rate of 40%. In 2012, the number of electric bicycles in my country has reached 200 million. According to authoritative organizations, the output value of electric bicycles in my country will reach 100 billion yuan by 2015, of which the output value of supporting batteries will reach 16 billion yuan.

Electric motorcycles

As a flexible and convenient means of transportation, motorcycles have a huge market in southern my country and some Southeast Asian countries. Although motorcycles have brought a lot of convenience to people, the exhaust pollution emitted by motorcycles is considered to be one of the important sources of air pollution in large and medium-sized cities in my country. It is said that the pollution emitted by a small motorcycle is equivalent to that of a Santana car. In order to purify the environment and ensure the blue sky of the city, more than 60 cities in my country have banned motorcycles.

Famous motorcycle manufacturers in various countries in the world are actively developing electric motorcycles, including Japanese companies such as Yamaha and Honda. Some motorcycle companies in my country are also actively looking for more environmentally friendly power sources for motorcycles. At present, motorcycle manufacturers such as Xindazhou, Chunlan, and Chongqing Jialing have turned their attention to the highly advantageous lithium-ion power lithium batteries, and are jointly developing electric motorcycles with power lithium battery manufacturers. This situation undoubtedly creates unlimited business opportunities for the future market of power lithium batteries, and its brilliant market prospects are immeasurable.

Hybrid vehicles

Electric vehicles are new types of transportation that are powered by on-board batteries and rely on high-power electric motors to supply power. Electric vehicles have the advantages of little to no pollution, diversified power sources, high energy utilization, and easy use and maintenance. They are considered to be the cleanest vehicles with the most application prospects in the 21st century and are increasingly recognized and favored by today's society. Electric vehicles are generally divided into three categories: pure electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). EVs are powered by various batteries. HEVs are powered by two or more different energy sources, such as batteries and gasoline engines or diesel engines. These energy sources can be used as power sources for vehicles separately, or they can work together to drive vehicles. According to the power ratio of the battery to the fuel engine, HEVs can be divided into power-assisted type (mild hybrid), dual-mode type (moderate hybrid) and extended driving range type (high hybrid). PHEVs are powered by fuel cells. The degree of mixing of battery and fuel is different, and the requirements for batteries are also different. The technical requirements for power lithium batteries of different types of electric vehicles are shown in Table 2.

Technical analysis and application fields of power lithium batteries

At present, the power lithium batteries of most electric vehicles use lead-acid batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells. Among them, the technology of lead-acid batteries is the most mature, but its energy density and power density are not high, and it is not suitable for electric vehicle applications. Judging from the current technical level, the comprehensive advantages of nickel-metal hydride batteries are the most obvious. Most of the well-known international automobile manufacturers such as Toyota of Japan, General Motors of the United States and Volkswagen of Germany use nickel-metal hydride power lithium batteries as the power lithium batteries of HEVs, such as the Prius and other models that have been launched on the market. This shows that the technology of high-power nickel-metal hydride power lithium batteries is basically mature. Due to the advantages of lithium-ion batteries such as light weight and high voltage of single cells, it is recognized by the industry as a new development direction for power vehicle batteries. At present, Japanese and Korean companies such as Panasonic, LG Chem, and NEC are actively developing lithium-ion manganese oxide batteries as power lithium batteries for electric vehicles; and AsystThe development direction of companies such as em123 and BYD is lithium iron phosphate power lithium batteries. Major automobile companies have all regarded lithium-ion batteries as the focus of future development. At present, the car models equipped with lithium-ion batteries that have been launched on the market are detailed in the table below. Lithium-ion batteries have great development prospects and may replace nickel-hydrogen battery packs in the future, but there is still a lot of work to be done in terms of safety, cycle stability and production costs.

Field

Due to the widespread application of high technology in the world, modern warfare has become a high-tech war dominated by digitalization and informatization. This war mode makes special energy with high efficiency, high specific energy density and fast refueling an urgent need on the modern battlefield. The technical development of high-energy power lithium batteries has been intensively carried out in various countries around the world today, such as the use of new lead-acid batteries, lithium-ion batteries and fuel power batteries.

Lead-acid batteries are conventional underwater power sources and auxiliary power sources, and are also emergency power sources for nuclear power. Lead-acid batteries are still the most commonly used batteries for conventional power in various countries around the world today due to their obvious advantages such as mature technology, reliable performance and low manufacturing cost. However, modern lead-acid batteries have the disadvantages of long charging time, low high-rate charge and discharge efficiency, and low specific energy and specific power. According to the requirements of the new generation, more advanced lead-acid batteries should be developed to meet the mobility needs and improve and perfect the conventional tactical missions.

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