Electric performance of lithium battery

　　(1) electromotive force

　　The electromotive force of the battery, also known as the battery standard voltage or theoretical voltage, is the potential difference between the positive and negative poles when the battery is disconnected. The electromotive force of the battery can be calculated from the change of the free energy of the thermodynamic function of the battery system.

　　(2) Rated voltage

　　The rated voltage (or nominal voltage) refers to the recognized standard voltage when the battery of the electrochemical system is operating. For example, zinc-manganese dry batteries are 1.5V, nickel-cadmium batteries are 1.2V, lead-acid batteries are 2V, and lithium-ion batteries are

　　(3) Open circuit voltage

　　The open circuit voltage of a battery is the battery voltage under no-load conditions. The open circuit voltage is not equal to the electromotive force of the cell. It must be noted that the electromotive force of the battery is calculated from the thermodynamic function, while the open circuit voltage of the battery is actually measured.

　　(4) Working voltage

　　Refers to the actual discharge voltage of the battery under a certain load, usually refers to a voltage range. For example, the operating voltage of the lead-acid battery is 2V ~ 1.8V; Nickel-metal hydride battery operating voltage in 1.5V ~ 1.1V; The operating voltage of lithium-ion battery is 3.6V ~ 2.75V.

　　(5) Termination voltage

　　Refers to the voltage value at the end of discharge, depending on the load and service requirements. Take lead-acid battery as an example: the electromotive force is 2.1V, the rated voltage is 2V, the open circuit voltage is close to 2.15V, the working voltage is 2V ~ 1.8V, and the discharge termination voltage is 1.8V ~ 1.5V(the discharge termination voltage is different according to the discharge rate).

　　(6) Charging voltage

　　It refers to the voltage of the DC voltage of the external circuit to charge the battery. The general charging voltage is greater than the open circuit voltage of the battery, usually within a certain range. For example, the charging voltage of nickel-cadmium batteries is 1.45V ~ 1.5V; The charging voltage of lithium-ion battery is 4.1V ~ 4.2V; The charging voltage of the lead-acid battery ranges from 2.25V to 2.5V.

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