Main characteristics of lithium batteries

　　At present, the mainstream lithium-ion batteries mainly include lithium cobalt oxide batteries, ternary lithium batteries (nickel cobalt manganese), lithium manganese oxide batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, and lithium titanate batteries, but different lithium-ion batteries have different characteristics. Lithium cobalt oxide has a low initial temperature for thermal runaway and releases a lot of heat. The thermal stability of lithium iron phosphate batteries is the best. From the perspective of safety performance, lithium manganese oxide batteries, lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary lithium batteries, and lithium titanate batteries have become key considerations for power batteries. However, the energy density of lithium manganese oxide batteries and lithium titanium oxide batteries limits their application in power batteries.

　　Due to the characteristics of the positive electrode material, ternary lithium batteries are more prone to thermal runaway compared to other lithium-ion batteries during use. After thermal runaway, more heat is released, and combustible and toxic gases are released while releasing a large amount of oxygen, making them more flammable and explosive, posing a safety hazard. In recent years, Tesla electric vehicles that have repeatedly experienced fire accidents use ternary lithium batteries. On October 10, 2019, a small fire accident occurred in the battery room of the Norwegian ferry company Norled's "MFYtteroyningen" passenger ship, which used ternary lithium batteries. The ship was manufactured in 2006 and converted into a diesel electric hybrid ferry in 2018, equipped with the Corvus Orca energy storage system with a capacity of 1989 kWh provided by Canadian company Corvus Energy. After the accident, on the evening when the ship returned to port, a serious gas explosion occurred in the area where the lithium battery on board was located (the relevant area below the deck), causing significant damage. Subsequently, 12 firefighters who rushed to the scene of the accident to extinguish the fire were taken to the hospital due to exposure to harmful gases related to the battery. This is a typical combustion and explosion accident caused by the secondary reignition of a ternary lithium battery after extinguishing a fire. After the first fire extinguishing of the ternary lithium battery, although the open flame was extinguished, the thermal runaway did not stop, continuously releasing flammable gases and oxygen. After accumulating to a certain amount, as the temperature continued to increase, it reignited and exploded again.

　　The positive electrode material in lithium iron phosphate batteries, lithium iron phosphate, is stable at high temperatures and difficult to decompose. In practical use, it has the advantages of high temperature resistance, strong safety and stability, and better cycling performance.

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