L822 battery

New membrane technology could make hydrogen L822 battery vehicles possible

While hydrogen L822 battery-powered vehicles offer clear advantages over increasingly popular electric vehicles (including their range, lower overall environmental impact, the fact that they can be refueled in minutes, and recharged in hours), they haven’t taken off with consumers yet. One reason is the high cost and complexity of producing, distributing and storing the pure hydrogen needed to power them, which has hampered the rollout of hydrogen refueling stations. Engineers have long recognized the energy and unlimited availability of hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe. Hydrogen occurs naturally in the environment, but it’s almost always chemically combined with other elements—for example, with oxygen in water (H2O) or carbon in methane (CH4). To get pure hydrogen, it must be separated from these molecules. Virtually all of the hydrogen produced in the United States is obtained from hydrocarbon fuels (primarily natural gas) through steam reforming. Steam reforming is a multistep process in which hydrocarbons react with high-temperature steam in the presence of a catalyst to produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and molecular hydrogen (H2). The hydrogen can then be separated from the other gases in a cumbersome, multistep chemical process, but using membranes to do the separation could reduce the cost and complexity of producing hydrogen. Most of the hydrogen separation membranes currently under development use the precious metal palladium, which has an unusually high solubility and permeability to hydrogen (meaning that hydrogen easily dissolves and passes through the metal, while other gases are excluded). But palladium is expensive (currently costs about $900 per ounce) and brittle. For these reasons, chemical engineers have been looking for alternatives to palladium for hydrogen separation membranes, but so far, no suitable alternative has emerged. Many metals and alloys are liquid at the standard operating temperature of steam reforming systems (about 500 degrees Celsius), and most of them are much cheaper than palladium. In addition, membranes made from liquid metal films should not be prone to the defects and cracks that make palladium membranes unusable. Liquid metal membranes also appear to be more effective than palladium membranes in separating pure hydrogen from other gases. The next step after electric vehicles is hydrogen L822 batterys - if the hydrogen supply problem is solved. Like battery-powered electric vehicles, L822 battery vehicles have electric motors. The engine is powered by electricity generated inside the L822 battery when hydrogen and oxygen are combined in the presence of a catalyst (the only "waste" is water). Although the car can absorb oxygen from the air, it must carry pure hydrogen. Many researchers have worked to reduce the cost of hydrogen by making better and thinner palladium membranes. Thinning the palladium layer can increase the membrane's flux, or the speed at which pure hydrogen can pass through it. But if a membrane is too thin, it can become brittle or develop defects. If they develop tiny cracks or micropores, they have to start over. Six years ago, Datta and his students began wondering whether liquid metals could overcome some of palladium's limitations—particularly its cost and chemical affinity. In addition to chemical affinity, permeation depends on how open the metal's crystal structure is. Liquid metals have more space between their atoms than solid metals, so their solubility and diffusivity should be higher. Gallium, a nontoxic metal that is liquid at room temperature, is a good candidate because it has a significantly higher hydrogen permeability than palladium at high temperatures. In fact, laboratory studies and theoretical modeling have shown that some metals that are liquid at higher temperatures may have better hydrogen permeability than palladium. Although liquid gallium shows great promise as a hydrogen separation material, it has proven challenging to make a functional membrane with the metal. In fact, liquid metals are very reactive. You can't put gallium on a porous metal support because at higher temperatures it quickly forms intermetallic compounds, killing the permeability. The metal also reacts with some ceramic materials that are often used as supports for palladium membranes. Through simulations and experiments, including carbon-based materials such as graphite and silicon carbide, which react chemically with liquid gallium but do not react chemically with water, the liquid metal also mixes well with water, meaning the metal will expand to form a thin film on the support material. Realizing that the surface tension of liquid metals in response to changes may change the temperature and composition of the gas they contact, possibly producing leaks, the metal was inserted between two layers of support material to create a sandwich of liquid metal thin films or SLiMM. A thin film (two tenths of a millimeter) composed of liquid gallium was constructed between layers of silicon carbide and graphite and tested for its stability and hydrogen permeability. The membranes were exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere for two weeks at temperatures ranging from 480 to 550 degrees Celsius. The liquid gallium film was 35 times more permeable to hydrogen than a similar layer of palladium, and the diffusion of hydrogen through the sandwich membrane is much higher than that of a typical palladium membrane. These membranes are selective, allowing only hydrogen to pass through. Liquid metals may be suitable candidates for hydrogen separation membranes, which could be long-sought alternatives to palladium. There are many questions that still need to be answered, including whether the small membranes we built in the lab can be scaled up and whether the membranes will resist substances present in the reformed gas (including carbon monoxide and sulfur) that are known poisons to palladium membranes. But by demonstrating the feasibility of sandwiching thin films of liquid metal, we have opened the door to an extremely promising new area of hydrogen energy research, and there are many other metals and alloys, in addition to gallium, that are liquid at 500 degrees Celsius, and it is a possible material to use.

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