cr2032 button battery

　　Analysis of cr2032 button battery technology and application fields

　　cr2032 button battery technology analysis and application fields - Power batteries refer to batteries with large electrical energy capacity and output power that can be configured as driving power sources for electric bicycles, electric vehicles, electric equipment and tools, usually including military (submarines, advanced intelligent robots, etc.) And standing power supply for communication command systems of energy storage equipment used by enterprises and institutions. With the development and commercial production of emerging electric bicycles, electric vehicles, new submarines and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV), society's demand for new green power batteries has increased significantly.

　　The general trend of electrification is becoming more and more intense. Through policy guidance and support, my country has become the world's largest new energy vehicle market. As we all know, the important bottleneck of new energy vehicles is the cruising range of the battery. In this context, the country has issued the "Action Plan to Promote the Development of Automotive Power Batteries" and the "Technical Roadmap for Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicles" to encourage the use of high-energy-density batteries. Recently, the "Foreign Investment Industry Guidance Catalog (2017 Practice)" The policy proposes to lift restrictions on pure electric vehicle joint ventures and remove restrictions on shareholding ratios in automotive electronics and power batteries. This is also an important measure to promote the application of high-energy-density batteries in the new energy vehicle market.

　　Battery is a very deep subject, because it has been widely used in our lives since its invention, such as 3C and energy storage.

　　Power batteries refer to batteries with large electrical energy capacity and output power that can be configured as driving power sources for electric bicycles, electric vehicles, electric equipment and tools. They usually also include special (special, advanced intelligent robots, etc.) and energy storage used by enterprises and institutions. Standby power supply for equipment communication command system, etc. With the development and commercial production of emerging electric bicycles, electric vehicles, and the development of new special and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUV), society's demand for new green power batteries has increased significantly. Currently, the most widely used power batteries in the world mainly include lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, lithium batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. These power batteries have their own advantages and have been widely used in different fields.

　　Types and performance of power batteries Lead-acid batteries

　　Lead-acid batteries were invented by R.G. Plante in 1859 and were the earliest batteries to be used. The plante battery uses two lead plates as electrodes, which are placed in a sulfuric acid solution for electrolysis. By constantly changing the direction of the electrolysis current, the storage capacity of the lead plates gradually increases, but the specific energy of the battery is very low.

　　Traditional lead-acid batteries have two main disadvantages: first, they need to be continuously added with water for maintenance during their service life; second, they cannot be placed in any direction because the rich liquid has the risk of acid leakage. After continuous research, in the mid-20th century, gel electrolyte technology and maintenance-free sealing technology were invented: In 1955, the German Sunshine Company first applied gel electrolyte technology to lead-acid batteries and put it on the market. In the mid-1960s, the company developed the Dryfit line of practical colloidal electrolyte sealed lead-acid batteries. In 1968, Desai submitted the first patent describing a gas-sealed lead-acid battery, which was officially published in 1974. In 1972, D. H McLelland and J. L. Devitt of Gates Company in the United States invented the adsorbed ultra-fine glass fiber separator (AGM), which practically solved the problem of compound circulation of oxygen inside the battery and developed a cylindrical AGM type valve-controlled sealing lead. Acid battery (VRLAB), the electrolyte of this battery is adsorbed in the glass fiber separator, and the electrolyte cannot flow freely. Compared with the traditional flooded lead-acid battery (the electrolyte can flow freely), the valve-regulated lead-acid battery is Lean battery. In the following 30 years, VRLAB batteries have developed rapidly and have been widely used in various professional sectors such as electric power, railways, ships, and communications. The emergence of VRLA technology has promoted the development of lead-acid batteries, bringing it into a period of prosperous development.

　　Lead-acid batteries are the most technologically mature batteries among all chemical power sources. They have the advantages of low price, high safety, good high-current discharge performance, and high battery recovery rate. They have been widely used in electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, communications industries, and electric power. Industrial backup power supply, railway diesel locomotives and other fields. However, due to shortcomings such as low specific energy and insufficient environmental protection, new materials, new structures, and new technologies for lead-acid batteries are still under continuous research, such as corrosion-resistant lead alloy positive electrode grids, foam lead grids, foam carbon grids, and new negative electrodes. Additives, super lead-acid batteries, etc.

　　Nickel based battery

　　Alkaline nickel-based batteries mainly include nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-zinc batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries. Among them, nickel-cadmium batteries have been widely used in many fields, but used nickel-cadmium batteries have the risk of cadmium contamination, which greatly limits their application. EU countries have banned the use of nickel-cadmium batteries for power batteries and are basically on the verge of elimination; nickel-zinc batteries When the battery is being charged, the negative electrode zinc is prone to produce dendrites, which can puncture the separator and affect the service life of the battery. In contrast, nickel-metal hydride batteries are the power batteries with the best overall performance. At present, nickel-metal hydride batteries have been widely used in commercial electric vehicles.

　　Nickel metal hydride batteries are batteries composed of hydrogen ions and metallic nickel. The positive active material is nickel hydroxide, the negative active material is hydrogen storage alloy, and the electrolyte uses 6M potassium hydroxide solution. Its electrochemical formula can be expressed as:

　　(-)M/MH︱KOH︱Ni(OH)2/NiOOH(+) When charging, the hydrogen ions (H+) in the KOH electrolyte will be released and absorbed by the hydrogen storage alloy, and the positive electrode will change from Ni(OH)2 into NiOOH and H2O; hydrogen is consumed on the negative electrode during discharge, and the positive electrode changes from NiOOH to Ni(OH)2.

　　Nickel metal hydride batteries have the characteristics of high specific energy and high specific power. Its specific energy is 3 times higher than that of lead-acid batteries; its specific power is nearly 10 times higher than that of lead-acid batteries. In addition, nickel-metal hydride batteries also have good overcharge and discharge tolerance and thermal performance, so they have high safety and reliability. Fast charging, environmental pollution, and long life are also the advantages of nickel-metal hydride batteries.

　　However, because the raw materials nickel and hydrogen storage alloys are very expensive, the cost of nickel-metal hydride batteries is high, and price has become the main factor restricting the development of nickel-metal hydride batteries. The application of nickel-metal hydride batteries in electric vehicles has shown limitations.

　　Lithium Ion Battery

　　Lithium-ion battery research began in 1990 when Nagoura and others developed a lithium-ion battery with petroleum coke as the negative electrode and lithium cobalt oxide as the positive electrode. In the same year, two major battery companies, Japan's Sony and Canada's Moli, announced that they would launch lithium-ion batteries with carbon as the negative electrode. Ion battery; In 1991, Japan's Sony Energy Technology Company and the Battery Department jointly developed a lithium-ion battery with polysaccharol pyrolytic carbon (pFA) as the negative electrode; in 1993, the American Bellcore Company first reported polymer lithium-ion batteries.

　　Lithium-ion battery refers to a high-energy secondary battery in which Li+ is repeatedly embedded and deintercalated into positive and negative electrode materials. Usually consists of the following components:

　　(1) Negative electrode, oxidation reaction occurs during discharge, and carbon materials are commonly used;

　　(2) Positive electrode, a reduction reaction occurs during discharge, and transition metal oxides, such as LiCoO2, are commonly used;

　　(3) Electrolyte, which provides transport medium for ion movement;

　　(4) Separator, providing electronic isolation for the positive and negative electrodes. Aluminum foil is usually used as the positive electrode current collector, and copper foil is used as the negative electrode current collector.

　　Compared with other power batteries, the advantages of lithium-ion batteries are very obvious:

　　1) High energy density, the volume specific energy and mass specific energy can reach 300Wh/cm³ and 125Wh/kg respectively, and the maximum can reach 350Wh/cm³;

　　2) The average output voltage is high (about 3.9V), which is 3 times that of Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries;

　　3) High output power;

　　4) The self-discharge is small, less than 10% per month, less than half of the self-discharge of Ni-CdNi-NH;

　　5) There is no memory effect like Ni-CdNi-NH battery;

　　6) Can be charged and discharged quickly;

　　7) High charging efficiency. Up to 100%;

　　8) Wide operating temperature range, -25Cº~70Cº;

　　9) There is no environmental pollution, so it is called a green battery;

　　10) Long service life, up to about 1200 times, and the longest one can reach 3000 times.

　　Therefore, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in consumer electronics, specialty products, specialty products, etc. However, with reports of accidents such as explosions and fires of lithium-ion batteries, safety issues have become a key problem in the development of lithium-ion battery technology. There are a series of potential exothermic reactions inside lithium-ion batteries, which are the root cause of safety problems in lithium-ion batteries. Whether the safety issues caused by thermal runaway can be effectively solved has also become a key factor that promotes or restricts the further development of lithium-ion batteries.

　　The fuel cell

　　A fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidant into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. Like traditional batteries, it is also a power generation device that works based on electrochemical principles. The difference is that as long as fuel is continuously supplied, fuel cells can continuously provide electrical energy. There is no heat engine process in the fuel cell, that is, it is not limited by the Carnot cycle, so the energy conversion efficiency is very high, and no pollution is produced during the reaction process, and the product is only water.

　　There are many types of fuel cells. Based on the different properties of their electrolytes, they can be divided into five types of fuel cells: proton exchange membrane fuel cells, phosphoric acid fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cells, molten carbonate fuel cells and alkaline fuel cells. .

　　As a new power generation technology, fuel cells have the following characteristics:

　　1) High energy conversion efficiency: The fuel in the fuel cell is directly converted into electrical energy without combustion and is not restricted by the Carnot cycle. Therefore, the fuel cell is more efficient than ordinary heat engines. The theoretical value of energy conversion efficiency is as high as more than 60%. The actual usage efficiency is 2 to 3 times that of ordinary internal combustion engines.

　　2) Environmentally friendly: The fuel directly undergoes an electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell to produce water with the air. In this process, almost no environmental pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) are emitted, and the fuel cell structure is simple. , No moving parts, low noise and vibration levels.

　　3) Fuel diversity: Fuel cells have a wide range of fuel sources, including gaseous fuels such as hydrogen, natural gas and biogas, and liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, methanol, ethanol and formic acid, which are very consistent with the trend of energy diversification and respond to the use of petroleum and coal. The problem of increasing depletion of fossil energy.

　　4) Wide range of applications: Unlike ordinary batteries, fuel cells allow for arbitrary scaling between power (determined by the size of the fuel cell) and capacity (determined by the size of the fuel storage), and can easily go from 1W level to MW level. It is used in portable power supplies, distributed power stations and centralized power stations, as well as in special aerospace, ships, automobiles and other means of transportation.

　　It is precisely because of these outstanding advantages that the research and development of fuel cell technology is favored by governments and companies around the world, and will trigger a green revolution of new energy and environmental protection in the 21st century. Fuel cells provide the most effective and environmentally friendly on-vehicle power for powered vehicles, but to achieve widespread application of fuel cells, there are still many problems that need to be solved, such as the high cost of battery development (using precious metals such as platinum as catalysts), the storage and transportation of hydrogen problems, and the problem of short battery cycle life.

　　Performance comparison

　　These power batteries have their own advantages and have been widely used in different fields. The main technical characteristics of common power batteries are shown in Table 1

　　Technology Zone 220V AC to 12V DC reference design The current status of domestic lithium battery ternary material patent technology layout What is the echelon utilization of automotive power batteries? It will become a hot issue for a long time. New energy vehicle design cannot be ignored Cells and battery materials 2020 China’s automotive cr2032 button battery pack shipments and forecasts in 2020

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