The treatment of nuclear waste
The nuclear waste produced by the use of nuclear energy will produce
dangerous radiation, and the impact will last for thousands of years. Scientists
around the world are studying how to deal with nuclear waste. As long as this
problem is dealt with, the benefits of nuclear energy outweigh the
disadvantages, and it stands at the forefront of emission reduction. From a
certain perspective, the use of nuclear energy can undoubtedly reduce greenhouse
gas emissions to a great extent.
Regarding the issue of nuclear waste, low- and medium-radiation nuclear
waste can now be safely disposed of through landfill and other methods; for the
treatment of high-radiation nuclear waste, some countries such as Sweden and
Finland have achieved some research results, such as through Isolation,
circulation, combustion and other methods reduce its radiation performance so
that it can reach safety standards after treatment.
Approach
At present, nuclear waste treatment is generally divided into two methods:
marine treatment and land treatment. Most countries adopt a marine disposal
method, which is to put nuclear waste barrels into the seabed below 4,000 meters
in selected sea areas. Experiments have proven that these nuclear waste barrels
will not break or leak even if they are dropped to the seabed below 6,000
meters. Even if the iron barrel breaks down on the seabed, the dose it will emit
to the sea surface will only be one ten millionth of the human body's allowable
intake (100 millirem per year), and generally will not cause harm to people.
Moreover, in order to ensure safe handling, countries must also be subject to
international supervision when releasing. Terrestrial nuclear waste disposal has
its relatively rational side. Low-level radioactive waste is buried in the
shallow surface of the earth, while high-level radioactive waste is buried in
the deep crust thousands of meters below. Generally, there is no risk of
contamination. Moreover, some of the nuclear waste buried on land is not
suitable for ocean treatment, but if necessary, the waste buried on land can be
recycled.
research and development
Physicists from Germany's Ruhr University said they have developed a new
technology that can shorten the time it takes to turn nuclear waste into
harmless substances. According to the Alpha Galileo website hosted by the
British Association for the Advancement of Science, the principle of this new
technology is to place nuclear waste in a metal container and cool it to
ultra-low temperatures, so that the radioactive material decays faster and its
half-life is shortened. . Physicists involved in the study say the technology
could render nuclear waste harmless in decades rather than thousands of years.
This method can greatly shorten the half-life of radioactive particles, so that
nuclear waste does not need to be buried deep in underground storage. This
research is still in its preliminary stages. Researchers are studying
radium-226, a harmful component of nuclear waste, to verify the practicality of
this new technology.
New nuclear reactors that can convert nuclear waste into inert and useful
products will provide new hope for the expanded application of nuclear energy.
Scientists from the Russian and Israeli Environmental Energy Resources (EER)
companies announced in late March 2008 that they could convert radioactive and
hazardous nuclear waste into inert and useful by-products such as glass and
clean energy. A medium-sized waste treatment reactor has been commissioned at
the northern facility near Karmiel. Using a system called Plasma Gas Melting
Technology (PGM) developed by the research center of Russia's Kurchatov
Institute, Russia's Radon Institute and the Israel Institute of Technology, EER
combines high temperatures with low radiant energy to melt waste. change. The
waste treatment reactor is said to be environmentally friendly. The reactor
combines three processes: cracking the waste using plasma moments, regasifying
the carbon waste, and finally converting the inorganic components into solid
waste. The remaining material is inert and can be used to produce ceramic tiles,
porcelain plates, etc. for the construction industry. Karmiel's facility has a
capacity of converting 500-1000kg of waste per hour.
Radioactive waste is a major problem facing the United States and the
world. After 20 years of research, Chien Wai, a professor of chemistry at Edward
University in the United States, announced on September 1, 2008 that he had
developed a technology for recovering uranium from radioactive nuclear waste
ashes. This new recycling device can use efficient and environmentally friendly
technology to The development of this technology, which reuses nuclear waste as
nuclear fuel, was inspired by the process of removing coffee. This technology is
expected to become a key breakthrough in the recycling of the most dangerous
radioactive waste in the future. The principle of this technical process is to
use supercritical fluid to dissolve toxic metals. Chien Wai collaborated with
Edwards University's Sydney Koegler, a member of Nuclear Industry AREVA, to
develop the purification process that recovers enriched uranium from the ash of
contaminated material. Supercritical fluids (in this case carbon dioxide) are
substances that can assume both gaseous and liquid states at certain
temperatures and pressures. In the supercritical state, some substances can
directly become solids and soluble compounds like liquids. For example,
supercritical carbon dioxide can directly dissolve and remove bacteria from
coffee. When the carbon dioxide pressure returns to normal, it becomes a gas and
evaporates, leaving only the extracted metal. No solvents are required, no acids
are used, and no organic waste is left behind. Because the technology is simple,
low-cost and environmentally friendly, AREVA has conducted the first large-scale
trial using 32 tons of incineration ash in Richland, Washington. Tests have
shown that nearly 10% of the ash weight can be used to obtain enriched uranium,
with a spot market value of approximately $900/lb. This means that the value of
using this technology to recover from nuclear waste can now reach about $5
million. The new recycling facility is expected to be operational in 2009.
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