2025 button cell battery.Lead-acid battery recycling and processing technology

　　Lead-acid batteries are the most widely produced and widely used battery among all types of batteries in the world. The lead they consume accounts for 82% of the world's total lead consumption. Developed countries in the world attach great importance to waste battery recycling and secondary lead production. The minimum annual output of secondary lead enterprises is more than 20,000 tons, and those below this scale will be shut down unconditionally. The average annual output of recycled lead companies in the United States is more than 70,000 tons. In 1998, the total lead production in Western countries was 4.896 million tons, and the secondary lead production was 2.846 million tons, accounting for 58.13% of the total lead production. The total annual lead production in the United States is 1.422 million tons, of which the secondary lead production is 1.083 million tons, accounting for 76.2% of the total lead production. Countries such as Germany, France, and Sweden have secondary lead production densities exceeding 50%. After the 1970s, the production technology of recycled lead from waste lead-acid batteries has received great attention from the governments of developed countries. The fire process, wet-fire combined process and wet process have been successively developed, and the development of cleaner production has been comprehensively promoted. At present, there are three main processes for treating waste lead-acid batteries in the world:

　　(1) After simple treatment such as shelling and acid pouring, the waste lead-acid batteries are subjected to fire mixed smelting to obtain lead-antimony alloy;

　　(2) After crushing and sorting, the waste lead-acid batteries are separated into the metal part and the lead paste part, and the two parts are pyrometallurgically smelted respectively to obtain lead-antimony alloy and refined lead;

　　(3) After the waste lead-acid batteries are crushed and sorted, the metal part and the lead paste part are separated. The lead paste part is desulfurized and converted, and then the two are pyrometallurgically smelted separately to obtain lead-antimony alloy and soft lead.

　　In developed countries, waste lead-acid battery pretreatment technology mainly uses mechanical crushing and sorting, and pretreatment such as desulfurization. It mainly uses rotary short kiln smelting, and also uses a blast furnace and rotary short kiln combined smelting process. In moderately developed countries, sawing pretreatment technology is mainly used to disintegrate waste lead-acid batteries on a low-speed sawing machine, take out the plates, and mainly use reverberatory furnace and blast furnace smelting processes. In developing countries, most of them only carry out simple pretreatment decomposition such as manual disintegration, shelling and acid pouring, and generally use small reverberatory furnaces and earth furnaces. With the gradual improvement of people's environmental awareness and the gradual improvement of environmental protection policies and regulations, the all-wet recycled lead technology will be the development trend of recycled lead technology because of its pollution-free characteristics.

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