Energy storage is a key technology that affects the future energy pattern.
It is of great significance to improving energy utilization efficiency,
promoting the development of new energy industries, and promoting the
transformation of energy strategies. Since the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan", the
country has vigorously promoted energy conservation and environmental protection
industries. Distributed energy sources such as wind power and photovoltaics have
developed rapidly. However, distributed energy sources have intermittent
characteristics, and electric energy is generated and used to maintain balance.
Therefore, when using electricity, During the trough period, a large number of
distributed energy resources are difficult to be effectively utilized. At
present, my country's wind power installed capacity ranks first in the world,
but the average annual utilization hours of wind power is still less than 2,000
hours.
Large-scale energy storage technology is the key to the popularization and
effective application of renewable energy. However, how to store electricity in
a large capacity, economically and efficiently is a problem that has not yet
been solved by the scientific community. Faced with the severe test of energy
waste and increasingly severe environmental climate, it is urgent to promote the
development of energy storage technology.
Technological innovation: No need to burn natural gas
"State Grid": What is the power generation principle of compressed air
energy storage technology? What is the current development status of this
technology in the world?
Lu Qiang: Compressed air energy storage technology is to convert abandoned
light, abandoned wind, abandoned water or low-peak electricity through a
multi-stage compressor to convert electrical energy into molecular potential
energy and store it in a pressure gas storage device. When generating
electricity, it releases high-pressure airflow and injects the compressed air
The turbine drives the generator to generate electricity. Large-scale compressed
air energy storage is of great significance for collecting waste new energy,
peak load shaving and valley filling, and increasing spinning reserve. At
present, compressed air energy storage technology is divided into three forms:
supplementary combustion, heat storage type and no heat source. The
supplementary combustion type is used more internationally, such as Germany and
the United States. The so-called post-fired compressed air energy storage mainly
burns natural gas, and supplies the stored compressed air with oxygen to the gas
turbine in order to improve its efficiency. Therefore, its essence is still a
gas turbine, and its main energy consumption is still fossil energy, that is,
natural gas. . First of all, my country relies on imported natural gas;
secondly, combustion will produce carbon emissions, which is also the main
problem of current supplementary-fired compressed air power stations. Therefore,
this energy storage method is obviously not in line with my country's national
conditions. However, this research and development result of the State Grid
Corporation of China has achieved zero emissions in the true sense, with neither
carbon dioxide nor PM2.5.
"State Grid": Compared with foreign countries, what are the innovations of
our technology?
Lu Qiang: Its main innovation is that it does not need to burn natural gas.
I have already said this in the previous question. Here are a few more points.
The patented technology of State Grid Corporation of China uses pure air as the
"power quality" to do work, and the energy source is abandoned wind, abandoned
light and off-peak electricity. It mainly lies in the utilization of "curtailed
electricity", and its social and economic efficiency is high; in addition, ,
this system will discharge a large amount of cold air (about 4℃) while
generating electricity. It is a must-have for vegetable and fruit fresh-keeping
cold storage. It will greatly reduce the expensive cost of fresh-keeping cold
storage. In addition, the system will generate a large amount of heat energy
during the operation of the compressor, which can increase the cooling water
temperature to 80°C. The principle of heat pump can be used To improve its
thermal energy quality, it can provide heating for urban residents and vegetable
greenhouses. In this way, it becomes a combined cooling, heating and power
system, which is exactly the technology that is strongly advocated and
popularized by European and American energy departments today. In addition, this
achievement of the State Grid Corporation also has an innovation, which is to
recover part of the compression heat. It is reused to increase the temperature
of the air at the inlet of the turbine. Therefore, the system developed in this
major project has a higher "electricity exchange" efficiency than that of
European and American countries.
Compared with foreign countries, our actual efficiency is higher. For
example, Germany built the world's first compressed air energy storage power
station, and its efficiency is 42%. It should be noted that this efficiency is
the overall efficiency, not the efficiency of electricity exchange, because it
includes the combustion of natural gas. If calculated according to the
efficiency of "electricity exchange", the efficiency should be around 20%.
Efficient storage: battery exchange efficiency 41%
"State Grid": Compared with foreign compressed air energy storage power
stations, how is the efficiency of this demonstration system reflected?
Lu Qiang: Compared with foreign countries, our actual efficiency is higher.
For example, Germany built the world's first compressed air energy storage power
station, and its efficiency is 42%. It should be noted that this efficiency is
the overall efficiency, not the efficiency of electricity-for-electricity
exchange, because it includes the combustion of natural gas. If calculated
according to the efficiency of "electricity-for-electricity exchange", their
efficiency should be around 20%. Because of the above-mentioned innovations, the
system developed by the State Grid Corporation of China can achieve an
efficiency of about 40% in “power exchange”.
At present, my country's wind power installed capacity ranks first in the
world. There are 8 wind farms with a capacity of 10 million kilowatts, but the
utilization rate of wind power is low. In our country, energy waste is the
biggest waste. Faced with energy waste, scientific researchers have the
responsibility and obligation to actively develop new technologies to rationally
utilize waste energy. This project was established in response to the central
government’s call for innovation. The State Grid Corporation of China is
far-sighted and has included non-combustion compressed air energy storage in
major scientific and technological projects. Now, the combustion-free compressed
air energy storage power generation demonstration system has successfully
generated electricity. Its promotion and application can reduce the waste of
"late night wind" and alleviate the worry of insufficient power during peak
hours.
"State Grid": Compared with foreign compressed air energy storage power
stations, how is the efficiency of this demonstration system reflected?
Lu Qiang: Compared with other energy storage methods, compressed air energy
storage also has advantages. In addition to compressed air energy storage, the
current main energy storage technologies are pumped hydro storage and lithium
batteries. Pumped storage is currently the mainstream energy storage method. It
has large power, large capacity, long life, mature technology, relatively low
cost, and fast response speed. These are its advantages. But it is strictly
restricted by geographical conditions.
Lithium batteries are expensive and have a short lifespan (about 4 years).
The life of the compressed air power generation system is at least 40 years, and
the lithium battery with the same capacity has been replaced ten times in 40
years. Therefore, the value is calculated based on the entire life cycle, and
the two are not at a comparable level. At the same time, there is still no
effective solution for how to deal with used lithium batteries. In order to
reduce the impact on the environment, we also need to build a factory dedicated
to processing waste lithium batteries, which is another huge expense. At
present, most of the lithium batteries used in our country are imported from
Japan, and domestic lithium batteries have not yet fully passed the customs
clearance, so lithium batteries are not a good solution for large-scale storage
of electrical energy.
In summary, it is highly insightful and a strategic decision for the State
Grid Corporation of China to list "combustion-free compressed air energy
storage" as a major scientific and technological project.
"State Grid": What are the advantages of compressed air energy storage
compared with other energy storage technologies?
The combined cooling, heating and power generation will greatly save our
country’s energy consumption and have huge comprehensive benefits. If all
China's islands use this technology, it will not only be of great significance
to environmental improvement, but also have many benefits for special
security.
Comprehensive benefits: combined cooling, heating and power generation
"State Grid": How to apply such a combined cooling, heating and power
system?
Lu Qiang: Cold sources and heat sources are also important energy sources.
The heat energy naturally generated when air is compressed can be transported to
multiple points over long distances using the principle of heat pumps. The
transmission distance can reach 80-100 kilometers, and can provide heating
services to a city (this technology has matured in our country). At the same
time, the system will send out cold air when generating electricity. Some
experts suggest that a fresh-keeping cellar for vegetables and fruits should be
built on site. Of course, if you are on an island, you can directly use the cold
air as an air conditioner. All in all, combined cooling, heating and power
generation will greatly save our country’s energy consumption and have huge
comprehensive benefits. If this technology is first used on islands, 10,000
kilowatts will be enough for a small island. If all China's islands use this
technology, it will not only be of great significance to environmental
improvement, but also have many benefits for special security. At present, it is
technically mature, so innovation results need to be transformed into actual
productivity as soon as possible.
"State Grid": After the technology is mature, what is the next step for
industrialization?
Lu Qiang: The entire significance of the research and development of this
major scientific and technological project lies in the industrialization of
innovative results. The original intention of the leadership of the State Grid
Corporation of China in establishing the project was industrialization and
engineering application. I think the leadership of State Grid Corporation of
China will make further arrangements for the next step of industrialization.
This patented technology of State Grid Corporation of China will not only be
used in all provinces and cities in my country, but also does not rule out the
possibility of going abroad, because any power system requires large-scale
pollution-free energy storage technology.
"State Grid": What kind of support from national policies is needed to
promote such an important technology?
Lu Qiang: The country should formulate a more reasonable electricity price
policy so that the corresponding values of waste electricity, low-grade
electricity and high-grade electricity can be reasonably distinguished. At
present, our country has not done enough in this regard and is not meticulous.
Since electric energy, like thermal energy, has high and low grades, there
should be a clear distinction in price so that state-owned enterprises, banks
and private capital can be motivated to invest. It can be said that the
promotion of such a technology does not even require large amounts of state
investment. As long as a set of reasonable policies are formulated, a steady
stream of funds will flow in, eventually forming "big productivity."
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