Introduction to technical guidance on recycling of electric vehicle power
batteries
Since 2012, when the Chinese government and industry authorities were
carrying out the top-level design of new energy vehicle industry planning, power
battery recycling has been regarded as one of the important aspects of
industrial development. In the following years, policies and standards related
to power battery recycling were continuously introduced. As the implementation
of management measures approached, various responsible enterprises including
battery manufacturers, automobile manufacturers, scrapped automobile recycling
and dismantling enterprises, secondary utilization enterprises and recycling
enterprises also While actively carrying out business layout, relevant research
shows that the recycling market size created by used batteries will exceed 5.3
billion yuan in 2018, will exceed 10 billion yuan in 2020, and the used power
lithium battery market will reach 25 billion yuan in 2023. The Tianjian
Automotive Industry Research Team sorted out the industrial policies and
management methods related to power battery recycling, and reviewed the
development and process of my country's new energy vehicle power battery
recycling management. In June 2012, the State Council issued the "Energy Saving
and New Energy Automobile Industry Plan 2012-2020". Article 5 of the main tasks
of the plan mentioned the need to strengthen the cascade utilization and
recycling management of power batteries. The main tasks proposed include:
formulating management measures for power battery recycling, establishing a
battery cascade utilization and recycling management system, and clarifying the
responsibilities, powers and obligations of all parties. Guide power battery
manufacturers to strengthen the recycling of used batteries and encourage the
development of specialized battery recycling companies. Strictly set the access
conditions for power battery recycling enterprises, and clarify the technical
standards and management requirements for power battery collection, storage,
transportation, processing, recycling and final disposal. Strengthen
supervision, urge relevant enterprises to improve their technical level,
strictly implement various environmental protection regulations, and strictly
prevent heavy metal pollution. In July 2014, the General Office of the State
Council issued guidance on accelerating the promotion and application of new
energy. It also required that the construction of an after-sales service system
should be accelerated and market access should be further relaxed to encourage
and support the investment of social resources in the field of battery leasing
and recycling services. . It also requires research and formulation of power
battery recycling policies and the establishment and improvement of a waste
power battery recycling system. In 2015, my country's power battery production
showed explosive growth, with the production of new energy vehicles reaching
379,000 units in 2015. With its explosive growth, battery shipments also showed
a strong trend. Judging from the trend of power batteries in the past five
years, before 2014, output only maintained a slight growth. Until 2015, power
battery shipments climbed to 15.7Gwh, an increase of nearly three times
year-on-year. While the power battery market is showing a good development
trend, at the same time, in order to implement the requirements of relevant
documents of the State Council, we must take precautions to guide the
standardized development of the industry. In 2016, the National Development and
Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the
Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Commerce, and the General
Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine jointly issued
the "Electric Vehicle Power Battery Recycling Technology Policy (2015 Edition)".
The introduction of the policy mainly has the following three purposes :
Strengthen technical guidance and specifications for the recycling of electric
vehicle power batteries. Clarify the management methods and scope, which are
applicable to the design and production of power batteries, as well as the
collection, classification, storage, transportation, cascade utilization, and
recycling of used power batteries. Clearly establish a power battery coding
system and establish a traceability system. It is clear that a coding system
will be adopted for power battery products. The specific coding work will be the
responsibility of the manufacturer. The national automotive standardization
authority should formulate coding standards for power battery products as soon
as possible. Clarify the responsible party for power battery recycling. To
implement the extended producer responsibility system, electric vehicle
manufacturers (including importers, the same below), power battery manufacturers
(including importers, the same below) and cascade utilization battery
manufacturers (hereinafter referred to as "cascade utilization enterprises")
shall bear respective responsibilities. The main responsibility for recycling
the power batteries used in their respective productions is that scrap car
recycling and dismantling companies should be responsible for recycling the
power batteries on scrap cars. Guide relevant companies to establish a power
battery recycling system that links upstream and downstream companies to prevent
disorderly development of the industry. Encourage the cascade utilization of
qualified used power batteries to save costs and improve resource utilization.
Encourage electric vehicle and power battery manufacturing companies to
cooperate with waste power battery recycling companies to determine whether
cascade utilization can be carried out based on the actual conditions such as
the capacity, charge and discharge characteristics, and safety of used power
batteries. In February 2016, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
formulated and issued the "Industry Specification Conditions for the
Comprehensive Utilization of Waste Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles" and
the "Interim Measures for the Administration of Industry Standards for the
Comprehensive Utilization of Waste Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles",
aiming to strengthen and strengthen the use of waste power batteries of new
energy vehicles. Comprehensive utilization of industry management, standardize
industry development, promote resource utilization, large-scale and high-value
utilization of waste power batteries, and improve the level of comprehensive
utilization of resources. Establish industry standard conditions for the layout
and construction conditions, scale, equipment and technology, comprehensive
utilization and energy consumption, environmental protection, product quality
and vocational education, safety production, occupational health and social
responsibility of relevant enterprises. In January 2018, the Ministry of
Industry and Information Technology, together with the Ministry of Science and
Technology, the Ministry of Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Transport,
the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision,
Inspection and Quarantine, and the Energy Bureau issued the "Interim Measures
for the Management of Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries for New
Energy Vehicles". The responsibilities of battery manufacturers, automobile
manufacturers, battery recycling service outlets, end-of-life automobile
recycling and dismantling enterprises, comprehensive utilization enterprises,
echelon utilization enterprises, and recycling enterprises are clearly defined.
In order to implement the "Interim Measures for the Management of Recycling and
Utilization of Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles", in February 2018, the
Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, in conjunction with the
Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Environmental Protection,
the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Commerce, the General Administration
of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and the Energy Administration
issued the "Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries of New Energy Vehicles"
Pilot Implementation Plan. Select areas with a large number of new energy
vehicles, a good foundation for power battery recycling, strong regional
motivation, and enthusiasm to carry out power battery recycling pilots. The
pilot content mainly includes four aspects: 1. Build a recycling system.
Automobile manufacturers, battery manufacturers, scrapped car recycling and
dismantling companies, and comprehensive utilization companies must cooperate to
build and share battery recycling channels. 2. Encourage upstream and downstream
enterprises in the industry chain to establish information exchange and close
cooperation and explore diversified business models. 3. Encourage responsible
enterprises to develop waste battery recycling and recycling technologies and
promote the innovative application of advanced technologies. 4. Pilot areas
should establish and improve policy incentive mechanisms to promote the
recycling of power batteries. The implementation plan also stipulates the scope
of pilot work in selected areas in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River
Delta, Pearl River Delta and central regions, and provides instructions on the
organization and implementation, management content and safeguard measures of
the pilot work. On July 23, 2018, the Ministry of Industry and Information
Technology, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Ecology and
Environment, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Commerce, the State
Administration for Market Regulation and the Energy Administration jointly
issued a notice, "Notice on the Pilot Work on the Recycling and Utilization of
Power Batteries for New Energy Vehicles." According to the requirements of the
"New Energy Vehicle Power Battery Recycling Pilot Implementation Plan", after
reviewing the new energy vehicle power battery recycling pilot implementation
plans applied by relevant regions and enterprises, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei
region, Shanxi Province, and Shanghai were finally selected. City, Jiangsu
Province, Zhejiang Province, Anhui Province, Jiangxi Province, Henan Province,
Hubei Province, Hunan Province, Guangdong Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous
Region, Sichuan Province, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningbo City, Xiamen
City and China Tower Co., Ltd. For pilot areas and enterprises. And in
accordance with the requirements in the "Implementation Plan", twelve specific
work tasks are proposed. On July 3, 2018, the Ministry of Industry and
Information Technology issued Order No. 35 on the "Interim Provisions on the
Traceability Management of Recycling and Utilization of Power Batteries for New
Energy Vehicles". Requirements, regulations require that on August 1, 2018,
traceability management will be implemented for new energy vehicle products that
have newly obtained the "Announcement" and imported new energy vehicles that
have newly obtained compulsory product certification, and traceability
management will be implemented for echelon-used battery tea products. Automobile
manufacturers, end-of-life vehicle recycling and dismantling companies,
secondary utilization companies and recycling companies complete the collection
and upload of traceability information through the traceability management
platform, and ultimately realize the entire process of power battery production,
sales, use, scrapping, recycling and utilization. Collect information and
monitor the performance of recycling responsibilities by entities in each link.
Statistics show that some advantageous enterprises in my country that use
advanced equipment and processes have lead recovery rates of over 99%, exceeding
the lead recovery level of 98% in developed countries. Moreover, a formal
dismantling and refining plant needs to go through environmental assessment and
other procedures, and it needs to have a wastewater treatment process.
Wastewater treatment can only be discharged after it meets the standards.
Environmental protection standards are high. However, the comprehensive
utilization rate of illegal smelting "three-no enterprises" is low, generally
only 80%-85%, and the highest is no more than 90%. Chen Zhonghua, director of
the National Environmental Protection Lead-acid Battery Production and Recycling
Pollution Prevention and Control Engineering Technology Center, pointed out that
80% of the pollution in my country's lead-acid battery industry is concentrated
in the recycling and circulation links. In the collection process, due to the
difficulty and high cost of handling lead-containing acid, a small number of
collectors are tempted to illegally dismantle waste lead-acid batteries and dump
the acid, causing environmental pollution. A previous joint survey by the CCID
Research Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Battery Environmental Protection Industry Alliance and
other institutions showed that 80% of waste lead-acid battery recycling in the
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is controlled by illegal social sources, and 80% of
the raw materials of regular recycled lead companies also come from illegal
sources. channel. In the utilization process, the utilization and disposal
process of waste lead-acid batteries will produce waste water, waste gas, and
waste residue. If not handled properly, it will pollute the atmosphere, water,
and soil. In addition, the illegal regeneration process of waste lead-acid
batteries is simple, easy to flow, and difficult to supervise. Waste lead-acid
batteries cause "big pollution". "Cases" occur from time to time, causing
widespread concern in society. At the beginning of 2019, an illegal lead
smelting site was investigated in Huai'an, Jiangsu Province. Four suspects made
illegal profits of more than 10 million yuan in a year and a half. At least 20
million yuan is needed to restore the local ecology. Heavy pollution control to
break the pollution dilemma: In fact, in order to standardize the recycling and
processing of used lead-acid batteries, relevant national departments have
successively introduced a variety of policies and measures in recent years.
Dating back to December 2016, the General Office of the State Council issued the
"Implementation Plan for the Extended Producer Responsibility System", taking
the lead in implementing the extended producer responsibility system for four
categories of products including lead-acid batteries. The "Plan" clarifies that
the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Ecology and
Environment are responsible for formulating and issuing management measures for
lead-acid battery recycling and implementing extended producer responsibilities,
which will be completed by the end of 2019. In order to prevent and control the
environmental risks of waste lead-acid batteries, at the beginning of this year,
the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the National Development and Reform
Commission and other nine departments jointly issued the "Action Plan for the
Prevention and Control of Waste Lead-acid Battery Pollution" to jointly carry
out waste lead-acid battery pollution prevention and control actions and rectify
the illegal collection of waste lead-acid batteries. To deal with environmental
pollution, implement the extended producer responsibility system and improve the
standard collection and treatment rate of waste lead-acid batteries. By 2020,
lead-acid battery manufacturers will achieve a regulated collection rate of 40%
of waste lead-acid batteries through the implementation of the extended producer
responsibility system; by 2025, the regulated collection rate of waste lead-acid
batteries will reach 70%; all waste lead-acid batteries collected under the
standard will be safely used and disposed of . Since then, the Ministry of
Transport and the Ministry of Transport have jointly issued the "Pilot Work Plan
for the Centralized Collection and Inter-regional Transfer System of Lead-acid
Battery Manufacturing Enterprises" and proposed that by 2020, the centralized
collection and inter-regional transfer system of lead-acid batteries in the
pilot areas will be initially established to effectively prevent and control
waste lead. Regarding the environmental risks of batteries, the standard
recycling rate of waste lead-acid batteries in the pilot areas reached over 40%
by the pilot units. "In order to prevent and control waste lead-acid battery
pollution, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment will coordinate with relevant
departments to promote the establishment of a standardized and orderly
collection and processing system, strengthen the standardized management of the
recycled lead industry, severely crack down on illegal and criminal activities
involving waste lead-acid batteries, establish a long-term mechanism for
pollution prevention and control, and promote Green and high-quality development
of the lead-acid battery industry.”
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