AG3 battery.fuel cell technology

　　fuel cell technology

　　In recent years, my country's fuel cell research and development has made great progress, especially in proton exchange membrane fuel cells, which have reached or approached the world level; some achievements have also been made in molten carbonate fuel cells, solid oxide fuel cell technology, etc. progress. But in general, my country's fuel cells are still in the scientific research stage, and compared with foreign countries, the level is low. Developed countries have made the development of large-scale fuel cells a key research project and have achieved many important results. Fuel cell power plants of all levels have been built one after another. They will soon replace traditional generators and internal combustion engines and be widely used in power generation and vehicle power. Our country should concentrate its research efforts, increase investment, and vigorously promote the research, development and application of fuel cell power generation technology. A fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction without combustion. It can use natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, coal gas, etc. as fuel. It is also one of the clean coal conversion technologies. According to the type of electrolyte, it can be divided into alkaline fuel cells (AFC), phosphoric acid fuel cells (pAFC), molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), proton exchange membrane fuel cells (pEMFC), Regenerative hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells (RFC), direct alcohol fuel cells (DMFC), as well as new energy storage batteries, solid polymer batteries, etc. Hydrogen and oxygen are commonly used fuel gases and oxidants in fuel cells. In addition, some gases such as CO can also be used as fuel for MCFC and SOFC.

　　From a long-term development perspective, high-temperature MCFC and SOFC systems are effective ways to utilize coal resources for efficient and clean power generation. my country's abundant coal resources are a huge source of fuel for fuel cells. Fuel cells have the attractive characteristics of high efficiency, no pollution, short construction period, easy maintenance and low cost. They are not only the most promising alternative clean energy for automobiles, but can also be widely used in space shuttles, special applications, underwater robots, and communications. Systems, small and medium-sized power stations, and household power supplies are very suitable for providing mobile, decentralized power supplies and power supply close to end users, and can also solve the problem of power grid peak shaving. With the commercial promotion of fuel cells, the market prospects are very broad. It is predicted that fuel cells will become the fourth-generation power generation method after thermal power, hydropower, and nuclear power [1], and it will trigger a green revolution of new energy and environmental protection in the 21st century.

　　1. Progress of China's fuel cell technology "Fuel cell technology" is a major development project during my country's "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period. The goal is to make use of my country's resource advantages, start from a high starting point, and strengthen innovation; during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, Bringing my country's fuel cell technology development close to the international level. The content includes three major projects: "Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Technology", "Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Technology" and "Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology" [2]. Among them, the "5kW proton exchange membrane fuel cell for electric vehicles" ” as a priority for development. This task is undertaken by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and several institutes affiliated with the department. All the goals set have been achieved. In terms of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (pEMFC), the type of batteries researched and developed in our country has reached the technical level that can be installed in vehicles, can compete with developed countries in the world, and can and has the ability to occupy a certain proportion of the market share [1] . Since my country listed proton exchange membrane fuel cells as a key project of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" scientific and technological research plan, with the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics as the leading unit, battery materials and battery systems for proton exchange membrane fuel cells have been comprehensively carried out nationwide. Research has made great progress, and many 100-watt, 1kW-2kW, 5kW, 10kW to 30kW battery packs and battery systems have been assembled. The 5kW battery pack includes an internal humidification part, with a weight specific power of 100W/kg and a volume specific power of 300W/L. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell bicycle has been successfully developed, and a 200-watt fuel cell system for electric bicycles has been developed. Hundred-watt mobile power source and 5kW mobile communication station power source have also been successfully developed. As a power source, kilowatt-class battery systems have been successfully tested for applications. A 30kW battery system consisting of six 5kW battery packs has been successfully used as the power source for China's first fuel cell light bus. The maximum output power of the installed battery reaches 46 kilowatts. At present, the vehicle's top speed reaches 60.6km/h, laying a good foundation for the development of fuel cell electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. The overall performance of the battery stack is equivalent to the level of the MK7 proton exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicle jointly developed by Mercedes-Benz, Ford and Canada's Ballard Company [3]. my country is currently conducting research on the development of high-power proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks and fuel cell engine system integration. In terms of molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC), my country has developed α- and γ-type lithium metaaluminate coarse and fine powders, and prepared large-area (greater than 0.2m2) battery separators. The predicted life of the separators exceeds 30,000 hours. .

　　Based on the research on material components, a kilowatt-level battery pack was successfully assembled and operated. In terms of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology, a supported dense YSZ electrolyte film with a thickness of 5-10 μm has been prepared, and a Ni-based stainless steel material that can be used as a medium-temperature SOFC connector has been developed. The maximum output power density of the load-type YSZ film-based medium-temperature SOFC single cell reaches 0.4W/cm2, and the maximum output power density of the load-type LSGM film-based medium-temperature SOFC single cell reaches 0.8W/cm2. These technological innovations have laid a solid foundation for the development of kilowatt- and ten-kilowatt medium-temperature solid oxide fuel cell power generation technologies. 2. Foreign fuel cell technology is developing rapidly. Fuel cells are the most promising clean energy in the new century and the best choice to replace traditional energy. Therefore, the research and development of fuel cell technology has received great attention from the governments of many countries and large multinational companies. The United States lists fuel cell technology as one of the technologies related to national security, and Time magazine lists fuel cell electric vehicles as the top ten high technologies in the 21st century; the Japanese government believes that fuel cell technology is the core of the energy and environment field in the 21st century; Canada plans to develop fuel cells into a pillar industry of the country.

　　In the past ten years, foreign governments and enterprises have invested more than 10 billion US dollars in fuel cells. In order to develop fuel cells, DaimlerChrysler has invested US$1 billion every year in recent years, and Toyota's annual investment exceeds 5 billion yen [4]. The governments and business circles of developed countries in Europe, the United States and Japan have regarded the development of large-scale fuel cells as a key research project, and have achieved many important results. pEMFC technology has developed to the practical stage, making fuel cells about to replace traditional generators and generators. Internal combustion engines are widely used in power generation and automobiles. Complete sets of 2MW, 4.5MW, and 11MW fuel cell power generation equipment have entered commercial production and are used in special applications, aerospace, automobiles, hospitals, factories, residential areas, etc.; fuel cell power plants of all levels have been built in some developed countries, among which, The international fuel cell industry giant, Canadian Ballard Company, raised US$320 million and built a fuel cell plant that was officially put into operation in February 2001. The United States and Europe will mass-produce low-cost household power-heating fuel cells as the latest development plan.

　　Currently, in North America, Japan and Europe, fuel cell power generation is rapidly entering the stage of industrial-scale application. At present, automotive hydrogen fuel cells have become the top priority of technology development for major automobile companies in the world. So far, the world's six largest automobile companies have spent more than 10 billion US dollars on developing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and are increasing at a rate of 1 billion US dollars every year [5]. From 1997 to 2001, major companies developed 41 types of vehicle fuel cells. 3. my country’s development of fuel cell technology is relatively weak. my country’s research on fuel cells has had its ups and downs. Laboratory research on various fuel cells was carried out in the 1960s. In the 1970s, a large amount of manpower and material resources were invested in fuel cell research for space technology. After that, the research work was suspended for a long time. In recent years, our country has begun to re-emphasize the research and development of fuel cell technology and has made great progress. Especially in terms of pEMFC, it has reached or is close to the world level. However, in general, the research and development of fuel cells in our country has just started and is still in the scientific research stage. Compared with foreign countries, the level of fuel cell research in our country is still low, and our country's organizational development of fuel cells is far from enough. As the world's largest coal producer and consumer, the development of high-temperature MCFCs and SOFCs that use coal as primary energy is of particular significance. However, there is a big gap between my country and foreign countries in MCFC and SOFC research, and there is still a long way to go to achieve practical and commercial applications.

　　So far, there are no application examples of fuel cell power stations in my country. This is very inconsistent with the status of a big country like ours. Although the country has also listed fuel cell technology as a key research project in the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the funds invested by the state and enterprises are extremely limited. The annual funding is only tens of millions of yuan, which is insignificant compared with the investment of hundreds of millions of dollars in developed countries;

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