According to the different electrolyte materials used in lithium-ion
batteries, lithium-ion batteries can be divided into two categories: liquid
lithium-ion battery (lithium ion battery, referred to as LIB) and polymer
lithium ion battery (polymer lithium ion battery, referred to as LIp). The
positive and negative electrode materials used in polymer lithium-ion batteries
are the same as liquid lithium ions, and the working principle of the battery is
basically the same.
The main difference between them is the electrolyte. Lithium-ion batteries
use liquid electrolytes, while polymer lithium-ion batteries use solid polymer
electrolytes instead. This polymer can be "dry" or "glue" "state", currently
most use polymer colloidal electrolytes. Polymer lithium-ion batteries can be
divided into three categories:
(1) Solid polymer electrolyte lithium-ion battery. The electrolyte is a
mixture of polymer and salt. This battery has low ionic conductivity at room
temperature and is suitable for high temperature use.
(2) Gel polymer electrolyte lithium-ion battery. That is, additives such as
plasticizers are added to the solid polymer electrolyte to increase the ionic
conductivity so that the battery can be used at room temperature.
(3) Lithium-ion batteries with polymer cathode materials. Using conductive
polymer as the cathode material, its specific energy is three times that of
existing lithium-ion batteries. It is the latest generation of lithium-ion
batteries. Due to the use of solid electrolytes instead of liquid electrolytes,
compared with liquid lithium-ion batteries, polymer lithium-ion batteries have
the advantages of being thinner, any area, and any shape, and will not cause
safety issues such as leakage, combustion, and explosions. Therefore, the
battery shell can be made of aluminum-plastic composite film, which can increase
the specific capacity of the entire battery; polymer lithium-ion batteries can
also use polymers as cathode materials, and their mass specific energy will be
higher than the current liquid lithium-ion batteries. Improved by more than 50%.
In addition, polymer lithium-ion batteries are better than lithium-ion batteries
in terms of operating voltage, charge and discharge cycle life, etc.
Based on the above advantages, polymer lithium-ion batteries are hailed as
the next generation of lithium-ion batteries. Outlook for the Development Trend
of Polymer Lithium-ion Batteries It has been more than two years since polymer
lithium-ion batteries have matured and been commercialized globally. Although
sales are growing rapidly, their market share is still less than 10%, compared
with 90% of the market for liquid lithium batteries. The share is incomparable
and much lower than people expected.
Due to various reasons, the price of polymers on the market is generally
higher than that of liquid lithium batteries. However, the competition model of
mobile appliances is quietly changing, especially the design value innovations
that polymer batteries bring to mobile appliances (such as 4mm Superior
performance below thickness, large-sized battery), polymer batteries are being
recognized by more and more designers of mobile phones, mobile DVDs, etc.
Therefore, polymer manufacturers are still confident and firmly believe that the
era of polymers will definitely come. The development trend of polymer
lithium-ion batteries can be seen from the development of mobile phones.
Currently, mobile phones have the following development trends:
(1) Mobile phones themselves are developing towards miniaturization and
ultra-thin to make it easier for consumers to carry;
(2) The personalization of mobile phone design is reflected in the fact
that the design concept is no longer the original square shape. Irregular
shapes, curves, and curved surface designs have become the mainstream of
aesthetics in mobile phone design;
(3) The use of color screens and mobile phone functions continues to
increase.
In order to make mobile phones smaller, battery reduction and thinning are
the most effective ways. Batteries with a thickness of less than 4mm have become
the mainstream trend in thin mobile phone configurations. In terms of cost
performance, this is the specialty of polymers.
The effective space left by mobile phones with irregular shapes, curves,
and curved surfaces for the battery becomes an irregular shape.
The liquid rectangular shape cannot effectively utilize space and has a low
capacity, while the laminated polymer can make the most effective use of this
irregular space and increase the capacity. The recently launched arc-shaped
batteries, trapezoidal batteries, and backpack batteries can increase the
capacity of mobile phones by more than 50% compared with liquid batteries of
corresponding specifications.
As mobile phones have more and more functions, they consume more and more
power. Battery capacity is required to increase accordingly. Polymer batteries
have obvious advantages without increasing the thickness of the battery.
Similarly, laptop computers, Bluetooth headsets, PHS mobile phones, mobile DVDs
and other electrical appliances are all developing in the direction of mobility
and portability. They are all equipped with LCD displays, and their functions
are constantly increasing, and the LCD screens are constantly increasing. These
provide unlimited business opportunities for polymer lithium-ion batteries.
Lithium iron phosphate battery
Lithium iron phosphate batteries are used to make lithium-ion secondary
batteries. Now the main direction is power batteries, which have great
advantages over NI-H and Ni-Cd batteries. Eight advantages of lithium iron
phosphate power battery:
1. Super long life. The cycle life of long-life lead-acid batteries is
about 300 times, and the maximum is 500 times. The currently reported domestic
lithium iron phosphate power batteries have a cycle life of more than 2,000
times. Standard charging (5 hours rate) , can reach 2000 times. Lead-acid
batteries of the same quality last "half a year for new ones, half a year for
old ones, and another half year for maintenance", which is 1-1.5 years at most,
while lithium iron phosphate batteries will last 7-8 years when used under the
same conditions. Comprehensive consideration, the performance-price ratio will
be more than 4 times that of lead-acid batteries.
2. It is safe to use. Lithium iron phosphate completely solves the safety
hazards of lithium cobalt oxide and lithium manganate. Lithium cobalt oxide and
lithium manganate will explode under strong collision and pose a threat to the
life safety of consumers. Iron phosphate Lithium has undergone rigorous safety
testing and will not explode even in the worst traffic accidents.
3. It can be charged and discharged quickly at a high current of 2C. Under
a special charger, the battery can be fully charged within 40 minutes at 1.5C,
and the starting current can reach 2C. However, lead-acid batteries currently do
not have this performance.
4. High temperature resistance. The peak electric heating value of lithium
iron phosphate can reach 350℃-500℃, while the peak value of lithium manganate
and lithium cobalt oxide is only about 200℃.
5. Large capacity. 6. No memory effect.
7. Small size and light weight.
8. Green and environmentally friendly.
Highly efficient regenerative lithium battery
In the 1990s, porous cobalt oxide with high specific surface area was
generally used as the working electrode material of regenerative batteries. In
order to increase energy density, scientists began to replace porous materials
with nanostructures. In the late 1990s, composite nanostructures were
successfully studied in the laboratory as working electrodes for lithium
batteries. By using composite nanomaterials of titanium disulfide alloy as the
working electrode of lithium batteries, the efficiency of the working electrode
in storing and releasing lithium ions is greatly improved, and the conductivity
is also better than that of ordinary electrode materials, thus overcoming the
conductivity of ordinary lithium ion materials. Low disadvantages. In 1998, the
United States developed a new multi-layered nanometer ultra-thin film structure
for the electrode of lithium-ion batteries, with an energy density of 1232
milliampere boiling ∈/g, making the energy density of this new type of
lithium-ion battery much higher than Energy density of lithium-ion batteries
currently in use. Therefore, the use of nanocomposite materials to produce
electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries has become a development trend for
lithium-ion batteries.
Zinc-air battery
Zinc-air battery (zinc-airbattery) uses oxygen in the air as the positive
active material and metallic zinc as the negative active material. A porous
activated carbon electrode is used as the positive electrode, platinum or other
materials are used as the catalyst, and the zinc powder is made into a paste,
and then pressed into sheets or pasted to form a plate as the negative
electrode. The open circuit voltage of zinc-air batteries is 1.4~1.5V, and they
come in various shapes such as button, cylindrical and square. Zinc-air
batteries can be made into both primary batteries and secondary batteries.
Secondary batteries are generally charged mechanically by replacing the zinc
negative electrode and electrolyte.
Zinc-air batteries have large specific energy, stable discharge voltage,
unlimited sources of positive active material air, and cheap batteries, but they
cannot be used in closed or oxygen-deficient conditions. Wet batteries have poor
storage performance and are generally only suitable for appliances that are used
continuously. The expression of alkaline zinc-air battery is:
(-)Zn∣NaOH(KOH)∣O2(C)(+) The battery reaction is: Zn+NaOH+O2→Na2ZnO2+H2O
Zinc-air battery is widely used, and button zinc-air battery has been completely
replaced Zinc-mercury oxide batteries are used in instruments such as hearing
aids, and square and cylindrical zinc-air batteries have been widely used in
various signal lights.
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