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Some developed countries abroad have carried out a series of active explorations in recycling and processing waste batteries and accumulated a lot of good experience.
The United States, Japan, the European Union and other regions do not treat ordinary dry batteries used in daily life as hazardous waste, and there are no laws mandating the separate collection and disposal of ordinary dry batteries. Battery (sub)industry associations and individual cities in a few developed countries once organized ordinary dry battery collection activities, but now there are very few places where such activities are carried out. Japan and Switzerland each have one waste battery recycling factory. They used to process ordinary waste batteries containing mercury, but now they mainly process rechargeable batteries. Due to the small total amount of waste batteries, part of the facility's production capacity is idle. Germany places collected used batteries in abandoned mines.
In terms of battery management policies, the policies of developed countries can be summarized into two categories.
The first category is for ordinary dry batteries. The government requires manufacturers to gradually reduce the mercury content in batteries and eventually bans the addition of mercury to batteries. This requirement is part of the phase-out of all mercury-containing products and processes (such as those using mercury as a catalyst), not just for the battery industry. Now, almost all developed countries ban the addition of mercury to batteries. There is no compulsory separate collection and disposal of discarded ordinary dry batteries. If a city or enterprise voluntarily collects and processes (or utilizes) it alone, the state neither encourages nor restricts it.
The second type of policy is for rechargeable batteries. Pass legislation requiring manufacturers to phase out batteries containing cadmium. At present, nickel-metal hydride batteries and lithium batteries are gradually replacing nickel-cadmium batteries. Electronics manufacturers associations in some countries have carried out rechargeable battery recycling work, and the results have been significant. This is mainly because the total consumption of rechargeable batteries is relatively small (compared to ordinary dry batteries); the application range is smaller, and it is easy to collect by replacing old ones with new ones; and the recycling value is high. This type of waste battery collection is relatively easy.
According to environmental experts, in order to strengthen the recycling management of waste batteries, Germany has implemented new regulations on waste battery recycling management. The regulations require consumers to send used dry batteries, button batteries and other types of batteries to stores or waste recycling stations for recycling. Stores and waste recycling stations must unconditionally accept used batteries and transfer them to processing manufacturers for recycling. At the same time, they also implement a deposit system for toxic nickel-cadmium batteries and mercury-containing batteries. That is, consumers purchase each battery with a certain deposit. When consumers replace used batteries, the deposit can be automatically deducted from the price.
In terms of the treatment of waste batteries, there are two factories in Switzerland that specialize in processing and utilizing old batteries. One of the factories grinds the old batteries and then sends them to a furnace for heating. At this time, the volatilized mercury can be extracted and the temperature will be higher. Zinc also evaporates at high temperatures, and manganese and iron fuse to form the ferromanganese alloy required for steelmaking. This factory can process 2,000 tons of waste batteries a year and obtain 780 tons of manganese ferroalloy, 400 tons of zinc and 3 tons of mercury. Another factory extracts iron directly from batteries and sells metal mixtures such as manganese oxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide and nickel oxide directly as metal scrap.
A "wet treatment" device was built in the suburbs of Magdeburg, Germany. In addition to lead-acid batteries, all types of batteries are dissolved in sulfuric acid, and then various metals are extracted from the solution with the help of ionic resin. Using this method The raw materials obtained are purer than the heat treatment method, so they sell at a higher price on the market. Moreover, 95% of the various substances contained in the battery can be extracted, and the sorting process can be omitted. The annual processing capacity of this device can reach 7,500 tons.
Nomura Kosan Co., Ltd., built in the mountains of Hokkaido, Japan, is mainly engaged in the processing of waste batteries and waste fluorescent lamps. They purchase 13,000 tons of waste batteries from across the country every year, 93% of which are collected through private environmental protection organizations, and 7% through various manufacturers. This business started in 1985 and the purification volume has been increasing. In the past, the main purpose was to recycle the mercury, but now domestic batteries in Japan no longer contain mercury. The main purpose is to recycle the iron casings and other metal raw materials of the batteries, and to develop and manufacture secondary products. For example, one of the products can be used in the display of TV sets. Like tube.
In addition, some countries have also formulated some related policies. For example, after used batteries in the United States and Japan are recycled and handed over to companies for processing, the government will provide a certain subsidy for each ton processed; battery manufacturers in South Korea must pay a certain amount of deposit for each ton produced to cover the costs of recyclers and processors, and Designate a dedicated factory for processing. Some countries impose environmental management taxes on battery production companies or provide tax reductions and exemptions to waste battery processing companies.
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