Where will electric vehicle battery technology go in the future?
In essence, a battery is a device that can convert stored chemical energy
into electrical energy. A battery is a small chemical reactor that generates
high-energy electrons through reactions for injection into external devices;
from a purely chemical power perspective Judging from the above, batteries can
be divided into primary batteries, storage batteries, reserve batteries and fuel
cells; if extended to physical power sources, batteries can be expanded into
solar cells, thermoelectric batteries and other battery types. So how much do
you know about the history of battery technology? Where will battery technology
go in the future? What is the current status and future trends of electric
vehicle battery technology? Brother Mao will provide you with in-depth
analysis:
1. The budding stage of battery technology
Battery technology is a great invention with a wonderful and long history.
The earliest primitive battery can be traced back to 250 BC, when the
Mesopotamian civilization first appeared in Baghdad. The English word "Battery"
first appeared in 1749. It was first used by the American inventor Benjamin
Franklin in 1998, when he used a set of capacitors connected in series to
conduct electrical experiments (this article is original and first published by
Maoshi Auto, please indicate when reprinting).
In 1786, Italian anatomist Galvani discovered bioelectricity while
dissecting a frog and announced it in the academic world. In 1800, Volta was
inspired by Galvani's frog experiment and successfully used copper, tin, and
salt water as materials. In 1836, Daniel of England improved the "voltaic pile".
He used dilute sulfuric acid as the electrolyte to solve the battery
polarization problem and created the first zinc-copper battery that was
non-polarized and could maintain a balanced current, also known as the "Daniel
battery."
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In 1860, France's Planté invented a battery with lead as the electrode,
which was also the predecessor of the storage battery; at the same time,
France's Reclinz invented the carbon-zinc battery, bringing battery technology
to the field of dry batteries, ushering in the Entered the commercial stage of
battery technology.
2. Commercial stage of battery technology
The commercial use of battery technology began with dry batteries, which
were invented by the Englishman Helleson in 1887 and mass-produced in the United
States in 1896. At the same time, Thomas Edison invented the rechargeable
iron-nickel battery in 1890 and completed commercialization in 1910. mass
production.
Since then, driven by commercialization, battery technology has ushered in
an era of rapid change. Thomas Edison invented the alkaline battery in 1914,
Schlecht and Akermann invented the sintered plate for nickel-cadmium batteries
in 1934, and Neumann developed a sealed nickel-cadmium battery in 1947. LewUrry
(Energizer) developed small alkaline batteries in 1949, ushering in the alkaline
battery era.
After entering the 1970s, battery technology was affected by the power
crisis and gradually developed in the direction of physical power sources. In
addition to the continuous advancement of solar cell technology that appeared in
1954, lithium batteries and nickel-metal hydride batteries were also gradually
invented and commercially used. For example, in my country The commercial
production of lithium batteries was completed in 1987, and the commercial
production of nickel-metal hydride batteries began to take shape in 1995.
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3. What is the future trend of battery technology?
After entering the 21st century, many countries have begun to formulate
medium- and long-term solar energy development plans, such as the United States'
National Photovoltaic Plan, Japan's Sunshine Plan, and China's Western Provinces
and Regions Without Electricity Electrification Plan. Solar energy application
technology will evolve from monocrystalline silicon and advanced Five areas
including devices, thin film photovoltaic technology, PVMaT, photovoltaic
modules and system performance and engineering, photovoltaic applications and
market development are gradually deepened.
To this end, solar cell technology has also made great progress, one of
which is the advancement of silicon solar cells, which are divided into three
types: monocrystalline silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon thin film
solar cells and amorphous silicon thin film solar cells. At that time,
monocrystalline silicon Solar energy technology is the most mature, but due to
the high cost and price of monocrystalline silicon, it will gradually be
replaced by polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells. However, the most
promising one is still polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells; secondly,
nanocrystalline solar cells are gradually entering the market. It has a very low
manufacturing cost and simple process, but can achieve stable performance. Its
manufacturing cost is only 1/5 to 1/10 of silicon solar cells, and its lifespan
can reach more than 20 years.
4. What is the future of electric vehicle batteries?
Judging from the above development history of battery technology, battery
technology is developing in the direction of new materials and clean power, and
has also made significant breakthroughs. However, it has rarely been used in
commercial applications. The main reason is that it cannot realize the low-cost
and multi-capacity requirements. promise;
Therefore, at that time, research on batteries for electric vehicles would
still focus on lithium batteries, followed by lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal
hydride batteries and sodium batteries. Japan and the United States ranked top
two in the world in terms of the number of patent applications for batteries and
their processing systems for electric vehicles. In particular, the close
cooperation between Tesla and Panasonic has not deliberately changed the battery
materials, that is, the lithium batteries are still used. But by improving
efficiency and improving production, the battery can be optimized according to
the needs of the car. This shows that manufacturing and engineering Close
integration of technologies is an available way to promote the commercial
application of battery technology.
However, the room for advancement of lithium batteries is limited. The
production cost of lithium batteries is high. The use and recycling of lithium
batteries will cause certain environmental pollution. In addition, lithium mines
are unevenly distributed around the world. For example, if electric vehicles all
use lithium batteries, there will still be restrictions. Regarding the situation
in lithium-producing countries, this is exactly the same as the current
situation of fuel vehicles.
Therefore, in the future, batteries for electric vehicles still need to
develop in the direction of new materials and clean energy, such as solar
energy, wind energy, hydropower, silicon materials, nanocrystals, etc., which
are the best way to solve the high cost of batteries, environmental pollution
and energy crisis. way.
Summarize
Battery technology has a long history. From its initial inception to its
gradual commercial application, it is on the road to the development of new
materials and new power sources. However, the commercial application of new
battery technology is a problem, reflected in the inability to achieve low cost
and high cost. In terms of capacity battery manufacturing, the batteries for
electric vehicles at that time were still focused on lithium batteries. However,
the space for advancement of lithium battery technology was limited. In the
future, batteries for electric vehicles still need to develop in the direction
of new materials and clean power.
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