button cell battery cr2025.Domestic and foreign progress of lithium-ion battery technology for electric vehicles

　　Domestic and foreign progress of lithium-ion battery technology for electric vehicles

　　1. Electric vehicle battery technology has achieved breakthrough development

　　Batteries and their management systems are one of the key technologies of electric vehicles. In the past few years, most companies have encountered embarrassment in the development of electric vehicles, mainly due to the use of lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride batteries (Ni-MH), etc. Now, after research and experimental comparison, the use of lithium-ion batteries with higher energy density to replace lead and nickel-hydrogen batteries is becoming a core technology in the automotive field. It has the characteristics of light weight, large energy storage, high power, no pollution, There is no secondary pollution, long life, small self-discharge coefficient, and wide temperature adaptability range. It is an ideal vehicle battery for electric bicycles, electric motorcycles, electric cars, electric trucks, etc. The disadvantages are that it is more expensive and less safe. However, there are now technologies to develop new materials such as lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, and lithium vanadium phosphate, which have greatly improved the safety of lithium-ion batteries and reduced costs.

　　Table: Comparison of characteristics of various EV batteries

　　Nickel lead-acid-cadmium nickel hydrogen lithium ion traditional lithium polymer lead-acid mass energy density; volume energy density; operating temperature range; mesh discharge rate; reliability mass energy density; volume energy density; mesh discharge rate mass energy density; volume Energy Density; Voltage Output; Mesh Discharge Rate Mass Energy Density; Volume Energy Density; Structural Features; Mesh Discharge Rate Nickel-Cadmium Better Recyclability; Voltage Output; Price Mass Energy Density; Volume Energy Density Mass Energy Density; Volume Energy Density; Voltage output; Mesh discharge rate Mass energy density; Volume energy density; Structural characteristics; Mesh discharge rate Ni-MH better cyclability; Voltage output; Price Operating temperature range; Better cyclability; Mesh discharge rate; Reliability Mass energy density; Volumetric energy density; Operating temperature range; Mesh discharge rate; Voltage output Mass energy density; Volumetric energy density; Structural features; Mesh discharge rate Li-ion traditional type Better cyclability; Safety; Price Operating temperature Scope; Better Recyclability; Price; Safety; Recyclable Price; Safety; Mesh Discharge Rate; Repeated Cycle Mass Energy Density; Volumetric Energy Density; Structural Features; Safety; Price Lithium Polymer Better Recyclability Works Temperature range; better recyclability; price volumetric energy density; better recyclability; price operating temperature range; better recyclability absolute advantage better recyclability; price operating temperature range; price volumetric energy Density mass energy density; volume energy density; mesh discharge rate; structural characteristics mass energy density; volume energy density; mesh discharge rate; voltage output; structural characteristics

　　Table: Comparison of key technical data of EV batteries and indicators published by the U.S. Advanced Battery Collaboration

　　Specific energy a (W/h/kg) Specific power density a (Wh/l) Specific power b ((W/kg) Cycle life b Reference price d (US$/kWh) Valve regulated lead acid 30-4560-90200- 300400-600150 Nickel-Cadmium 40-6080-110150-350600-1200300 Nickel Zinc 60-65120-130150-300600-1200200-350 Zinc/Air 230269105NAc90-120 Aluminum/Air 190-250190-2007-1 6NAcNA sodium/sulfur 100150200800250-450 Sodium/Nickel Chloride 11014915010001-230-350 Lithium Polymer 155220315600NA Lithium Ion 90-130140-200250-450800-1200>200USABC2003004001000<100

　　Note: NA-Unknown data, a-C/3 discharge rate, b-80%DOD, c-mechanical recharge, d-for reference only, USABC-American Advanced Battery Collaboration.

　　Source: Chen Qingquan, Sun Liqing, Current Situation and Development Trends of Electric Vehicles, Science and Technology Herald, April 2005, Volume 23, Issue 4

　　2. Lithium-ion battery industrialization trends

　　With the sharp reduction in costs and substantial improvement in performance, many automobile manufacturers have begun to use lithium-ion batteries. The following table is an overview of the R&D and production of major lithium-ion battery manufacturers. As of October 2006, more than 20 car manufacturers in major countries around the world are conducting research and development of lithium-ion batteries. For example, Fuji Heavy Industries and NEC have cooperated to develop cheap single-unit (Cell) manganese-based lithium-ion batteries (lithium manganate batteries), which have the characteristics of high safety and low manufacturing costs, and have a lifespan of up to 12 years and 100,000 kilometers in a vehicle environment. , which is equivalent to the vehicle life of pure electric vehicles. The rapidly rechargeable lithium-ion battery pack developed by Toshiba, in addition to its small size and large capacity, adopts a technology that can uniformly fix nano-sized particles, allowing lithium ions to be evenly adsorbed on the negative electrode of the battery, charging the battery within one minute. It can be charged to 80% of its capacity within 6 minutes and can be fully charged in 6 minutes. Johnson Controls, a major battery factory in the United States, established a research and development site in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in September 2005 for lithium-ion batteries with characteristics required for electric vehicles. In January 2006, it invested another 50% to jointly establish Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solution (JCS) with the French battery factory Saft. In August 2006, JCS undertook the 2-year USABC (United States Advanced Battery Consortium) pure electric vehicle lithium-ion battery research and development project contract led by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). It also signed a contract with the car manufacturer to provide high-power lithium-ion batteries.

　　Table: R&D and production summary of major lithium-ion battery manufacturers

　　Product Overview of Battery Manufacturer Degussa AG/Enax In June 2005, Germany's Degussa and Japan's Enax each invested 50% to establish Degussa Enax (Anqiu) power Lion Technology company in China to produce and sell lithium-ion battery electrodes. The factory also produces lithium-ion battery electrodes for electric vehicles. , and supplied to China, Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries. Johnson Controls-Saft Advanced Power Solution (JCS) JCS is a company merged by Johnson Controls and Saft in January 2006. Saft began to develop lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in 1995. Johnson Controls set up a factory in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to produce lithium-ion batteries specially designed for electric vehicles. , began to provide lithium-ion battery trial products to American car manufacturers in 2005. In March 2006, NECLamilion Energy provided manganese-based lithium-ion batteries suitable for electric vehicles. The vehicle battery life is 2,700W/kg (25℃, 10 seconds, SVOC50%). It has high output characteristics and has achieved an equivalent distance operation test of 150,000 kilometers in 10 years. , more than 20 car manufacturers have R&D achievements. In March 2006, Sanyo Electric's Tokushima factory in Japan provided 1,000 sets of lithium-ion batteries to the car manufacturer for trial use of electric vehicles, and mass production is scheduled for 2007. panasonicEVEnergy In October 2005, Toyota increased its investment in panasonicEVEnergy from 40% to 60%, and has incorporated it into a subsidiary. It is scheduled to install lithium-ion batteries with external charging functions in the Prius in 2008. Practical performance evaluation and measurement are currently being carried out. Production verification. GSYuasa? In March 2004, we started selling lithium-ion batteries E-onEX25A (cell) and EX25A-7 (module) for electric vehicles and uninterruptible power supply systems. Hitachi Vehicle Energy, Ltd.) Hitachi Vehicle Energy Company was established in June 2004, consisting of 43.7% New Kobe Electric, 36.7% Hitachi, and 19.6% Hitachi Macell, specializing in the production of manganese-based lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles. In June 2005, a small, low-cost lithium-ion battery control module prototype (48cell) was developed. The lithium-ion battery combined with the newly developed control device reduces the cost by 12.5% and reduces the space by 10% compared with traditional ones. Litcel (Japan) developed the Li-ionB4-40 lithium-ion battery pack (pack) for electric vehicle driving in 2006, and installed it on Mitsubishi Colt-EV for empirical testing. The cruising range on a single charge is 150km, and the target is 240km in 2010.

　　Data source: FOURIN (2006/11); Taiwan Industrial Research Institute IEK (2007/1)

　　Our country's research level in lithium-ion batteries has many indicators exceeding the goals set by the 2010 long-term indicators proposed by USABC. It has been able to independently develop products with a dosage of less than 50 to 80 kilograms, which can be applied to electric bicycles and electric motorcycles. , electric-gasoline hybrid vehicles, gas-electric hybrid electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries for small, lightweight household electric cars with a driving range of less than 80 kilometers for commuting, and have good enough safe driving performance. Suzhou Phylion, which started its industrialization experience in 1997, serves as the base of the national lithium-ion power battery industrialization demonstration project. The power battery packs it developed have passed the test certifications of UL in the United States and ExtraEnergy, an independent organization of the European Union, and built the first battery pack in Suzhou. The production line of power lithium-ion batteries has been successfully trial-produced and has now achieved mass production.

　　3. Battery technology needs to continue to develop further

　　Currently, the application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles includes battery life mechanism (high-power battery aging characteristics, aging battery diagnosis, aging battery electrochemical model, battery life prediction method development), battery low-temperature performance (low-temperature performance characteristics, Low temperature electrolyte model, low temperature performance simulation), tolerance, overheating deviation, overload deviation, inspection diagnosis and battery cost reduction (material screening and development, low-cost manufacturing), etc. Long-term exploratory research mainly focuses on two aspects: systems and materials.

　　On the one hand, most of the pure electric vehicle battery laboratory test data published by various companies, such as acceleration performance, charging time, continuous mileage, etc., must be further verified under actual operation in a complex external environment, as well as production Batch quality control. On the other hand, in the production of lithium-ion batteries in my country, there has been no substantial breakthrough in the separator materials required for lithium-ion batteries. They all rely on imports and are expensive, accounting for more than 30% of the cost of power batteries. If large-scale production technology is implemented on this material, costs can be significantly reduced.

　　In addition, some experts believe that judging from the electric vehicles successfully researched by various countries in the early 1990s, although the specific energy of the battery is smaller than the current new batteries, the various performance indicators achieved by various electric vehicle tests are not suitable for general For users, it is also satisfactory. The main reason why the industrialization of electric vehicles could not be realized at that time was that the service life of batteries was too short. The cost of the battery pack used in pure electric vehicles generally accounts for one-half of the cost of a new car. If car buyers need to replace the battery pack within a few years, it means high usage costs. Now, the specific energy of second-generation pure electric vehicle batteries has been greatly improved, and the materials used to produce batteries and the structure of batteries have also made great progress, but their service life has not achieved a major breakthrough. Even if the acceleration performance can fully reach or exceed the highest level of today's fuel vehicles, the mileage of a single battery charge can exceed the current mileage of a fuel vehicle with a tank of oil. The high cost of use due to the limited battery life will also become a factor. A major bottleneck in commercialization.

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