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For reasons such as aesthetics, maintenance, cost, and hygiene, touch screen technology is beginning to penetrate into the medical, industrial, and automotive markets beyond the consumer market. With the advent of touch screens, a number of touch technologies have emerged, such as capacitive, resistive, inductive, surface acoustic wave and infrared touch technologies. Each design technique has its own pros and cons. Capacitive touch screens are based on electrode designs on printed circuit boards and are popular among users for their touch keys, sliders and scroll wheels. The easy touch functionality adds a lot to the user experience. Surface acoustic wave touch technology is based on sound waves and is found in display designs that require transparency, such as entertainment parks and high-traffic indoor environments. Infrared touch technology is based on the light interruption method and is mainly used for low-resolution ultra-large screens. Inductive touch screen technology is primarily used on panels made of plastic, aluminum or stainless steel, or panels that will be exposed to liquids. Among them, resistive touch screen technology is the most cost-competitive and can be easily integrated into embedded designs. This technology is mainly used to design touch screens with panel sizes no larger than 19 inches. Support for finger touch detection and stylus detection expands the application scope of resistive touch technology in consumer electronics (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Finger and stylus detection makes resistive touch screens better to use
This article will mainly discuss the characteristics of resistive touch screen technology, issues that should be paid attention to during the design process, and potential application areas. Understand electronic touch sensor design and controller selection requirements
Because resistive touch screens are now readily available and prices have dropped over time, the technology is becoming more widely used. In order to select the best touch screen technology, application designers must deeply consider the application requirements. Resistive touch screen technology requires only a simple printed circuit board design, unlike capacitive and inductive touch screen technologies, which require electrodes or coil etching on the printed circuit board. Because the touch screen overlays directly on the display, it saves PCB space required for mechanical switches or capacitive touch key electrodes. It is not recommended to use resistive touch screens in harsh environments, such as mining areas or construction sites with frequent explosions or excessive dust. Small amounts of breakage on resistive touch screens can affect touch accuracy and linearity.
How resistive touch screens work
1. A resistive touch screen is a transparent glass plate covered with a touch-responsive film.
2. The resistive touch screen panel consists of two resistive layers (indium tin oxide) with a thin separation layer in the middle.
3. The two film layers of the resistive touch screen form a resistor network, which acts as a voltage dividing circuit for the touch position detection function.
4. The touch screen will cause a voltage change on the voltage divider composed of a resistor network. This voltage is used to determine the contact position of the touch screen.
5. The touch screen controller (TSC) converts the captured analog voltage signal into a digital touch coordinate signal. Built-in analog-to-digital conversion channel acts as a voltmeter for measuring analog voltage.
6. After touching the screen, the touch controller, which functions as a voltmeter, first applies the voltage gradient VDD at the X+ point and the ground voltage GND at the X- point. Then, the analog voltage on the Y-axis resistor is detected, converted into a numerical value, and the X coordinate is calculated using an analog-to-digital converter (Figure 2). In this case, the Y-axis becomes the induction line. Likewise, the Y coordinate can be measured by applying a voltage gradient at the Y+ and Y- points.
7. Some touch controllers also support touch pressure measurement, that is, Z-axis measurement. When measuring the Z-axis coordinate, voltage gradients are applied to the Y+ and X-axes.
Figure 2: Resistive touch screen: X coordinate measurement:
Resistive touch comes in two main forms: software haptic solutions and dedicated touchscreen controller chips.
In software haptic solutions, the microcontroller must be responsible for all touch detection and coordinate calculation tasks. The microcontroller-based software algorithm uses the internal microcontroller to perform touch position voltage measurement and perform touch detection functions and coordinate processing functions.
In the dedicated touch screen controller, the controller initiates an interrupt request to detect the touch event to the system host (microcontroller) and outputs digital data representing the touch coordinates. Then the main processor (MCU) reads the digital data and executes the operation commands expected by the customer.
The design method based on MCU calculation parameters requires the main processor to be very fast, only in this way can frequent touch operations be managed. This is not a very reliable design for fast touch detection applications. Because there is no data averaging and touch detection delay functions, the detection accuracy of this type of design is relatively low. A dedicated touch screen controller chip with data sampling, measurement averaging, touch detection delay configuration and digital touch coordinate calculation functions is a true touch screen controller. These chips are easy to integrate into product designs and offer higher performance.
Resistive touch screen classification
According to the number of sensing lines on the touch screen, resistive touch screens can be further divided into three categories: 4-wire, 5-wire and 8-wire. The strip electrodes of the 4-wire touch screen are installed on two different resistive layers (X+, X- on the same layer, Y+, Y- on another resistive layer). 5-wire touch screens only have circular electrodes (X+, X-, Y+, and Y-) on the bottom layer. The top layer is used to measure voltage during touch, and the voltage gradient is only applied to the bottom layer.
The working principle of 8-wire touch screen is similar to that of 4-wire touch screen. Just add a reference voltage line to each line, so the final total number of lines reaches 8. The newly added 4 lines are used to provide reference voltages to the original 4 lines. The 8-wire touch screen uses the measurement principle of a proportional measurement analog-to-digital converter.
Because of their low cost and simple touch sensing algorithm, 4-wire touch screens are widely used in low-end consumer electronics products. 5-wire and 8-wire touch screens are mainly used in expensive high-end medical equipment and important industrial controllers.
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