CR2330 battery.What reliable lithium-ion battery technologies are there?

　　In recent years, electric vehicles and new energy have become important development goals in our country, and batteries can be called the core technology in this field. At the same time, there are also a lot of big news related to batteries in the market. News such as "full charge in X minutes and X seconds, with a range of 1,000 kilometers" has surprised the public. Although battery technology has indeed improved in recent years, its results seem to be still far from what the public expects: the capacity of power batteries used in electric vehicles has indeed increased, but their battery life is not satisfactory;

　　In recent years, electric vehicles and new energy have become important development goals in our country, and batteries can be called the core technology in this field. At the same time, there are also a lot of big news related to batteries in the market. News such as "full charge in X minutes and X seconds, with a range of 1,000 kilometers" has surprised the public. Although battery technology has indeed improved in recent years, the results seem to be far from what the public expects: the capacity of power batteries used in electric vehicles has indeed increased, but their battery life is not satisfactory; in terms of mobile phones, Samsung is just excessive. With the improvement of battery energy density and some control and preparation problems, NOTE7 suffered a "Waterloo". Even though in society, batteries have become a hot topic that we are all yearning for, we need to rationally realize that although there are many possibilities for battery advancement, we need to choose a feasible path and take it through (industrialization and Serving the society) is not easy, because both selection and research and development require a lot of effort. Therefore, as far as the aspirations of the lithium battery industry and the society at large are concerned: the mentality that the public yearns for to run as quickly as possible and be effective is naturally understandable, but it is not advisable in industrial experiments.

　　As we all know, lithium-ion batteries have excellent comprehensive functions and are the main force in the consumer electronics, electric vehicles and even energy storage industries. In recent years, the society and professionals have also had high expectations for them. Moreover, there are a variety of lithium battery technologies on the market, which to some extent has attracted the attention of investors and local governments. However, it is worth noting that these technologies are completely mixed, and there are many situations: some packaging is very good, but the progress of the experimental technology is a big question mark. Lithium-ion battery is a secondary battery (that is, a battery that can be charged and discharged repeatedly), which mainly relies on the movement of lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes to operate. During the charge and discharge process, Li+ (lithium ions) are inserted and deintercalated back and forth between the two electrodes, because the energy of lithium ions is different when buried in the positive and negative electrode materials, and this energy difference is the ability of the lithium battery to survive /The amount of electricity released: During charging, Li+ is deintercalated from the positive electrode and embedded in the negative electrode through the electrolyte. The negative electrode is in a lithium-rich state and the positive electrode is in a delithiated state; the situation is different during discharge. The figure below is a typical illustration of the operation of a lithium-ion battery. The response system used is the most typical lithium cobalt oxide positive electrode-graphite negative electrode.

　　Lithium-ion battery operation diagram of lithium cobalt oxide cathode-graphite anode system. In this battery, taking the charging process as an example, the specific response of the cathode and cathode is as follows: 6C+xLi++xe-=LixC6 Due to the actual control of the material content, in During the reaction process of the positive electrode, lithium cobalt oxide can generally only release 0.5 lithium ions, and any more will cause structural collapse and damage. Therefore, under normal circumstances, the upper limit of the surface capacity of lithium cobalt oxide is only 140mAh/g structure, while the negative electrode graphite The surface density is 360mAh/g. In addition, the stable voltage of lithium cobalt oxide discharge is 3.7V (in practice, it gradually drops from the maximum fully charged voltage of 4.2V to around 3V, with 3.7V being the stable value). At the same time, the very low potential of the graphite anode is designed. Value, as well as the proportions of various other components in the battery, the result can be obtained that the energy density of the lithium batteries we use (for example: mobile phones) is about 160Wh/kg. Recently, a friend of the author was bought a battery, but the buyer was tight-lipped about the basic principles of battery response, because he was "afraid of leaking secrets" and also made some statements that were contrary to the basic knowledge of electrochemistry. Therefore, before purchasing and using this technology, The method still requires careful investigation and careful action. Because as far as batteries are concerned, the electrochemical response mechanism is the most basic information and needs to be fully transparent, and this is only the first step - after having a scientific theoretical basis, the real barrier to battery engineering technology is to make it effective. Regarding the optimization of materials, complete structure and process. Even if the basic principles are understood, the difficulty of implementation still needs to be planned. After all, the complexity of engineering new technologies is far greater than many people imagine. The great achievements China's industry has achieved in recent decades are due to the diligent concentration, unremitting persistence and rigorous exploration of technical personnel. China's battery industry can achieve powerful and effective results, which is also inseparable from the down-to-earth spirit of hard work and diligent exploration in industrial engineering. Let’s emphasize again: graphene is used in lithium batteries as only negative active materials and conductive additives. Dry negative electrode materials have high cost, low volume density, very low initial power, structural changes (re-stacking) will occur during use, high cost, and basically no possibility; as a conductive additive, it is different from other carbon systems. There is no obvious advantage in the competition of materials, and there are also a series of experimental problems such as engineering level separation. In practice, among the various graphene battery technologies currently on the market, few people are willing to write down their electrochemical response equations accurately and openly, and then let colleagues examine them from a scientific perspective. It’s worth planning during the period.

　　In comparison, the response mechanisms of many newer technologies, such as aluminum and magnesium batteries, do exist, so at least there is room for further design and understanding of this technology. 2. Naming is very important - focus on the stability of the name 1) Name it with the most important component, because the cathode material in lithium batteries is often the most important determinant of energy density in lithium batteries, so it is named after the most important component. There are the most naming scenarios. For example, lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary batteries, lithium cobalt oxide batteries, etc. With the technological development in recent years, some highly effective anode materials have been or are in the process of being used. Therefore, the naming of lithium titanate batteries, including subsequent silicon anodes (batteries), is also reasonable. By the same token, this rule is also more effective than batteries of other systems, such as nickel metal hydride, lead-acid, etc. Almost the name of the battery can start to comprehensively respond to the core response. We need to pay attention here: a lithium-ion battery with a little graphene added can not be called a graphene battery, and a lithium air battery with a little graphene added cannot be called a graphene battery. This is just like fish-flavored shredded pork with added MSG, which is still generally regarded as fish-flavored shredded pork. Naturally, if the addition of graphene actually enhances the effect, then the enhanced effect needs to be proven to be effective, so that the scientific research and industrial circles can be convinced.

　　Low temperature lithium iron phosphate battery 3.2V 20A -20℃ charging, -40℃ 3C discharge capacity ≥70%

　　Charging temperature: -20~45℃ -Discharge temperature: -40~+55℃ -40℃ Support maximum discharge rate: 3C -40℃ 3C discharge capacity retention rate ≥70%

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　　Initial summary: The battery may be named after its main components, or its response mechanism and properties. In short, it must be named after its core component or its most representative properties. Once we get rid of this kind of formal naming method, there may be some hidden secrets behind it: it may retain the meaning of processing and packaging, which may be a kind of protection for its technical content. Therefore, as a general public, when I see some professional and fashionable battery names, I need to have a keen eye and start from the naming to get to the bottom of it. 3. What should you pay attention to in terms of communication skills that report good news but not bad news? Approximate criterion: Many companies claim that they ignore good news rather than good news, that is, only 5 of the 10 very important core functions are shown. Who knows that the other 5 functions may not be as good as the industry average value - about everything For a technology used in an engineering project, all aspects of the product's performance should reach the basic qualification line, otherwise it cannot be tested and used. Therefore, if a certain function of the battery produced is really good, the company will definitely report it openly, but if it does not take the initiative to indicate it, it is very likely that the function is not high enough. Take the standards for product experiments of a representative battery company as an example:

　　As can be seen from the figure, the standard table has complete information, including battery capacity, power, internal resistance, size and other information. Generally speaking, for a battery product, it is generally necessary to introduce its mass energy density, volume energy density, mass power density, volume power density, service life, voltage, and cost (the price information may not be included in the brochure) ), usefulness, and stability. Here we need to pay attention to: 1) The volumetric energy density is very important. All batteries with the same mass and energy cannot be used if they are extremely large and completely inserted into the military space that does not participate in the experiment. Mobile phones happen to be small in size, so they use lithium cobalt oxide batteries with the highest volume energy density. 2) In simple terms, power density is a characteristic related to fast charging. We need to pay attention here. The author believes that whether the actual performance of the battery is good enough, it accounts for more than half of the contribution to fast charging. In comparison, electronic control, etc. The joints are slightly weaker. For the experience of power density and fast charging, see the previous article: "Fast charging technology that only talks about a few minutes and does not mention other functions is a scam." Playing rogue 4. Identify two communication tactics. The second one is: "A few kilometers of battery life and X days of standby." This is a scientifically less rigorous expression. The public should not trust this kind of data and pay more attention to the above-mentioned "hard indicators" of battery quality. The reasons are as follows: The power consumption of X days of standby and normal use is not the same. Total: What are the conditions for the standby inspection? Do you need to turn on power saving methods? Do you want to turn off the WIFI function? These factors cannot be mentioned in general. It is okay to conduct such non-rigorous investigations in the private sector, but if it rises to local industrial investment, it involves the investment of a large amount of money and manpower, using such rational terms to provide strategic guidance for the development of a region, and then investing tens of billions of capital. , which is really sloppy. 5. Which Zhaozhi stars are probably more attractive for their skills? All-solid-state battery technology: Can address needs such as safety, energy density, and special functions (such as flexibility). At present, some technology routes are close to the conditions for industrialization, and products should be released in the next few years. And advanced technology routes such as all-ceramics may or may not be more developed towards the direction of special high-efficiency batteries, within the next few years. There is also a familiar yearning. Sodium-ion battery technology: It is more oriented towards the demand for stationary energy storage, and this technology is now in the experimental research-industrial incubation stage. The technologies of Enli Power and Aquion are worthy of attention. There are also manufacturers in Japan that are quickly launching this aspect. The product.

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