2025 button cell battery

Analysis and research on the industrial chain of hydrogen 2025 button cell battery vehicles in my country

By sorting out the situation and supporting capabilities of related companies in the 2025 button cell battery lithium battery vehicle industry chain in my country, the characteristics of the 2025 button cell battery lithium battery vehicle industry chain in my country are summarized, and compared with the supporting situation of typical foreign product industries, the advantages and weaknesses of the 2025 button cell battery lithium battery vehicle industry chain and industrial environment in my country are summarized, and the difficulties and key points of the development of the 2025 button cell battery lithium battery vehicle industry chain in my country are pointed out.

1 Research background

The completeness of the industrial chain is an important indicator to measure the competitiveness of the industry. In recent years, the completeness of the industrial chain of strategic and pillar industries has continued to attract important attention. New energy vehicles are an important technical path for my country's automobile industry to become stronger, and the completeness of its industrial chain determines the success or failure of the automobile power strategy to a certain extent. 2025 button cell battery lithium battery vehicles are an important part of new energy vehicles. Since 2018, the scale of vehicle production and promotion and application in my country has expanded rapidly. In 2019, more than 3,000 2025 button cell battery lithium battery commercial vehicles were produced in China, and the scale of production and application ranked first in the world. At the same time, the domestic fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle-related industries are also accelerating their layout. Before large-scale promotion, it is necessary to sort out and analyze the fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle industry chain, recognize the advantages and weaknesses of the industry chain, and aim at the focus of the industry layout, so as to enhance the national competitiveness of the industry.

1.1 Overall situation of my country's fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle industry chain

The fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle industry chain mainly includes two parts: upstream (fuel-powered lithium battery power system and key components) and downstream (complete vehicle production). Compared with the traditional automobile industry chain, the fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle industry chain has added fuel-powered lithium battery systems and on-board hydrogen supply systems, among which the fuel-powered lithium battery system is the core structure. The composition of important components is shown in Figure 1.

A large number of domestic production companies have gathered in the fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle industry chain. The domestic fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle key components and important vehicle production companies are shown in Table 1.

2 Characteristics of my country's 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery automobile industry chain

2.1 Downstream vehicle industry, with a complete range of major categories, and actual mass production is mainly commercial vehicles

Commercial vehicles are currently an important application field for 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery automobiles in my country. The main product categories include large and medium-sized buses, light buses, and light trucks (logistics vehicles). Important participating companies include Yutong, Zhongtong, Beiqi Foton, Foshan Feichi, Shanghai Shenwo, Nanjing Jinlong, SAIC Maxus, Dongfeng, Aoxin New Energy, etc. In addition, my country National Heavy Duty Truck has launched a hydrogen 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery port traction heavy truck.

In terms of passenger cars, only SAIC (Roewe 950) was involved in the field earlier in China. Companies that recently announced 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery passenger car prototypes include Wuhan Grove and Ai Chi Automobile (methanol 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery car). Great Wall, GAC, Chery, Geely (methanol 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery) and other automakers plan to launch their 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery models within 3 to 5 years. However, as of now, 2025 button cell battery power lithium battery passenger cars are generally in the research and development verification stage.

In terms of product paths, my country currently focuses on commercial vehicle products, while Japan and South Korea focus on passenger vehicles. The main reasons for the differences in their product paths are as follows.

First, at the industrial level, in the field of passenger vehicles, my country's pure electric and plug-in vehicles have developed rapidly, and the cost performance has been continuously improved, which has won a certain market space. In the field of commercial vehicles, the pure electric and plug-in technical paths have prominent disadvantages in terms of driving range and convenience, which provides a certain space for the development of fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles.

Second, at the market level, the cost of fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles is higher than that of fuel vehicles and pure electric vehicles. Referring to the relevant experience of promoting pure electric and plug-in vehicles in my country, domestic urban buses are mainly purchased and operated by local financial support, and it is more appropriate to set up special funds to make up for the substantial increase in vehicle purchase and operation costs. In addition, the current important constraint on the promotion of hydrogen fuel vehicles is the lack of hydrogen energy infrastructure. In the early stages of development, it is easier for commercial vehicles that run at fixed points and fixed routes to solve the problem of hydrogen energy refueling than passenger vehicles.

Third, at the technical and regulatory level, unlike the Japanese and Korean vehicles, which mostly use metal bipolar plates in the battery stack, my country's battery stack companies mainly use graphite bipolar plates. The volume power of graphite bipolar plates is 20% to 30% lower than that of metal bipolar plates, resulting in a larger battery stack volume, which is not convenient for deployment on passenger cars. The life of graphite bipolar plates is more than 1.5 times the cycle life of metal bipolar plates, which is more suitable for commercial vehicles with higher life requirements. In addition, my country has not yet established the use specifications of type IV bottles. At present, the type III bottles, whether 35MPa or 70MPa, are much larger in volume and mass than type IV bottles, which is not convenient for deployment on passenger cars, and commercial vehicles are less sensitive to the increase in volume and mass than passenger cars.

The difference in domestic and foreign product paths is the result of a comprehensive selection of multiple factors such as technology, market, and regulations. For my country, fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles start from commercial vehicles. Although there are disadvantages such as low battery stack technology requirements and unfavorable to the rapid improvement of battery stack and component technology, the overall advantages outweigh the disadvantages. First, my country has developed pure electric and plug-in vehicles rapidly in terms of passenger cars, and has established certain advantages in technological autonomy and product economy. Starting from commercial vehicles can prevent the waste of original investment on the one hand, and fuel-powered lithium battery commercial vehicles can make up for the inherent deficiencies of pure electric commercial vehicles in terms of driving range and convenience on the other hand. Secondly, from the perspective of safety, in the early stages of development, hydrogen refueling stations supporting public transportation services such as buses are convenient for safety monitoring, thereby ensuring operational safety.

2.2 Upstream component industry: important components are generally realized from scratch, and some are still blank

Core important components such as fuel-powered lithium battery stacks, fuel-powered lithium battery systems, and on-board high-pressure hydrogen supply systems are generally realized from scratch. Among them, the fields with relatively dense industrial chains include fuel power lithium battery stack integration, fuel power lithium battery system integration, high-power fuel power lithium battery automotive DC/DC, hydrogen storage bottles, and aluminum alloys for high-pressure hydrogen storage bottles; the fields with relatively weak industrial chains with a small number of companies include membrane electrodes, bipolar plates, catalysts, and proton membranes; the fields with blank industrial chains include carbon paper, gas diffusion layers, hydrogen circulation pumps, humidifiers, carbon fiber hydrogen storage materials, plastic hydrogen storage materials, bottle mouth combination valves, high-pressure pipelines, and pressure reducers. Given that non-humidified fuel power lithium battery stacks have become a development trend, and companies such as my country's Xinyuan Power have also developed non-humidified fuel power lithium battery stacks, the impact of the current industrial blank of humidifiers can be ignored.

2.3 In actual mass production, there are still many core components and key basic materials that rely on imports

Affected by the still weak domestic industrial base capabilities, if traced back to the level of key basic materials, core basic parts, and components, the application of mass products still needs to rely on imports. There are two main reasons for dependence on imports. One is that there is still a gap in the domestic industrial chain; the other is that there are suppliers in China, but the product performance or supplier supporting capacity cannot meet the requirements.

As shown in Figure 2, the products in the black shaded part of the figure are currently blank in the domestic industry and completely dependent on imports. The gray shaded part represents that although there are corresponding products in China, due to insufficient performance or insufficient vehicle logo supporting capacity, it is also mainly dependent on imports at this stage. In terms of core components of fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles, my country currently mainly masters the integration of battery stacks and battery stack systems, and the integration of on-board hydrogen storage bottles.

2.4 Production and R&D test equipment is a major shortcoming

Fuel-powered lithium battery trial production and production equipment, such as special coating machines, are currently independently developed in China, but are mainly used by companies themselves and have not yet formed general products. Test equipment currently relies mainly on imports, such as membrane electrodes, high-pressure hydrogen storage bottles, and hydrogen supply valve test equipment. It mainly comes from Canada's GREENLIGHT, Japan's ESPEC, and Germany's CTS. In addition, hydrogen station equipment including air compressors, various pipelines and valves, and hydrogenation guns are also currently mainly dependent on foreign imports. Among them, the main station compressor production companies are HYDRO-PAC, PDC, and Linde. The representative production companies of station high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks are AP and CPI. The hydrogen filling machines are mainly supplied by Linde and AP.

2.5 In recent years, industrial agglomeration has accelerated, and several major agglomeration areas have been initially formed, which will help accelerate the improvement of the industrial chain.

Figure 3 shows the number of fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle-related companies in my country from 1995 to 2019. As of February 2019, there were nearly 250 fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle-related companies in my country, of which the number of related companies has accelerated in the past three years, and several major industrial agglomeration areas have been initially formed in the Yangtze River Delta, South China, and around Beijing. In addition, some electric vehicle industries in the central, western, and northeastern regions are relatively backward, or industrial by-product hydrogen and photovoltaic and hydropower resources are relatively rich, as well as areas with extremely cold climates, which are also important areas for the layout of the fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle industry.

2.6 Large company groups enter the market to accelerate the construction and aggregation of the industrial chain

Since 2017, domestic large companies such as SAIC Group, Weichai Group, Great Wall Group, and Snowman Co., Ltd. have adjusted their business strategies or added new business segments, and quickly laid out the hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel power lithium battery core parts industry, of which more than 30 are listed companies. Large company groups have entered the fuel power lithium battery core parts industry, relying on financial strength and channel advantages as well as large-scale R&D and industrial investment, accelerating the construction and aggregation of the industrial chain, and accelerating the performance improvement and large-scale production of domestic important parts of fuel power lithium battery vehicles. Some domestic fuel power lithium battery vehicle-related listed companies and industrial layout directions are shown in Table 2.

2.7 Local governments actively promote, which will help further improve the industrial chain

As of May 2020, nearly 50 provinces, cities, and regions across the country have issued relevant plans and policies to encourage the development of local hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel power lithium battery vehicles. Among them, the number of policies in the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta provinces and cities accounts for about 60% of the total number of local policies. These policies involve subsidies for hydrogen station construction, subsidies for vehicle promotion and application, hydrogen energy industry planning, key project research and development and many other aspects. Many regions encourage the development of hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles through various forms such as hydrogen energy towns, hydrogen energy industrial parks, and hydrogen energy science and technology parks. Local governments are currently actively developing hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles. On the one hand, there are positive factors based on local economic development and industrial transformation and upgrading, and looking for new development handles. However, there are also some local governments that make blind decisions under the impetus of capital and some related companies without understanding the technical route.

2.8 Comparison of important component suppliers of typical fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles in China and Japan

Japan leads the world in fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles, not only in terms of technological advantages, but also in its strong supply chain system. Taking the core components of Toyota Mirai fuel-powered lithium battery as an example, as shown in Table 3, its important suppliers of battery stacks, hydrogen supply systems, and air supply systems are basically local companies, among which Denso, Toyota Automatic Loom, Aisin Seiki, Toyota Textile, and JTEKT are all important suppliers of Toyota Corporation holding companies. The suppliers of core components of typical domestic bus products are mainly concentrated in Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries. Domestic companies are currently mainly engaged in the integration of battery stacks, battery stack system integration, and hydrogen supply system integration.

3 Conclusion

Restricted by basic industries such as materials, processing and manufacturing, the layout of my country's fuel-powered lithium battery vehicle industry chain presents an "inverted pyramid" shape, with many integrated companies and relatively few key materials and core component production companies. The integration of complete vehicles, battery stacks, and battery stack systems is relatively strong. The core materials of battery stacks such as gas diffusion layers, the core materials of on-board hydrogen supply systems such as carbon fiber hydrogen storage materials and plastic hydrogen storage materials, and key valves such as bottle mouth valves, pressure reducers, and high-pressure pipelines are still blank, and R&D and testing equipment are the biggest shortcomings. In summary, the core components and key materials of battery stacks, and the core components and key materials of hydrogen storage bottles are important industrial links to enhance the national competitiveness of my country's fuel-powered lithium battery vehicles, and they need to be focused on scientific and technological research and development and industrial layout.

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