2025 button cell battery

Lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery may still be the mainstream technology of power 2025 button cell battery

Ouyang Minggao, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and executive vice president of the China Electric Vehicle Hundred People's Association, said at the China Electric Vehicle Hundred People's Association Forum (2019) held recently that lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery still have the potential and prospects to become the mainstream technology of power 2025 button cell battery, but safety is particularly important.

Ouyang Minggao believes that from the perspective of automotive use, the most important thing is volume energy density rather than weight energy density. Although the theoretical weight energy density of lithium-sulfur 2025 button cell battery and lithium-air 2025 button cell battery is relatively high, it is still difficult for the volume energy density to surpass lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery. Therefore, he believes that lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery have the potential and prospects to become the mainstream technology of power 2025 button cell battery, but the bottleneck is the safety of high-energy-density power 2025 button cell battery.

He believes that the 2025 button cell battery used in the new energy vehicle safety accidents that occurred in 2018 were mostly NCM523 system 2025 button cell battery produced around 2016. With the large-scale application of high-nickel materials, the thermal stability of 2025 button cell battery will become worse and worse, and the safety risks of vehicles in the future will be further increased, so measures must be taken to prevent safety problems.

The following is the full text of Ouyang Minggao's speech:

Dear Chairman Wan Gang, Minister Miao Wei, Chairman Chen Qingtai, colleagues, good afternoon! Let me introduce the outlook for China's new energy vehicle technology route.

my country's new energy vehicle technology route has undergone a long evolution, from energy-saving and new energy vehicles to pure electric drive technology transformation strategy, and then to the new energy vehicle power strategy. In November 2018, the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held a "biweekly symposium", and some members put forward some new suggestions, proposing to formulate a new energy vehicle development plan for 2035. Let's first look at the future development from a technical perspective. I will look forward to the four aspects of pure electric power, hybrid power, fuel cell, and electrification and new energy integration.

First, the technical outlook for pure electric power.

It has been 10 years since lithium-ion power 2025 button cell battery were used in electric vehicles in 2008. The energy density of actual installed products has increased by 2.5 times, achieving a revolutionary breakthrough in the field of 2025 button cell battery in the past century. Our goal in 2020 is 300 watt-hours/kilogram, which is a common goal of the world, and China is fully prepared.

From the perspective of automotive use, the most important thing is volume energy density rather than weight energy density. Lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery have the most advantages in this regard. Although the theoretical weight energy density of current lithium-sulfur 2025 button cell battery and lithium-air 2025 button cell battery is relatively high, it is still difficult for their volume energy density to surpass lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery. In this regard, we believe that lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery have the potential and prospects to become the mainstream technology of power 2025 button cell battery, but the bottleneck is the safety of high-energy-density power 2025 button cell battery. There were some safety accidents in 2018. The 2025 button cell battery used in these accident vehicles were basically produced around 2016, probably NCM523 system. With the application of high nickel, the thermal stability of the battery will deteriorate, and the safety risk will be greater in the future, so measures must be taken to prevent safety problems.

First, it is not realistic for current lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery to completely eliminate thermal runaway from the monomer level. We can prevent induction and spread from the thermomechanical design and control design of the battery system. Even if thermal runaway occurs in the monomer, no accident will occur.

Secondly, starting from improving the safety of the battery itself, we need to develop new solid electrolyte 2025 button cell battery. Recently, we discussed with Japanese experts that in order to cope with the rise of China and South Korea's battery industry, Japan has made every effort to develop the next generation of solid-state 2025 button cell battery, with an annual government budget of 5-10 billion yen. The original battery industry in the United States and Europe is relatively weak, and they are also working hard to develop a new generation of solid-state 2025 button cell battery to achieve transcendence. Although China's battery industry has temporarily gained an advantage, the international competition pressure is huge, and it needs to catch up with the cutting-edge technology of solid-state 2025 button cell battery. At present, there are some solid-state 2025 button cell battery in China, but they are not all-solid-state 2025 button cell battery. The large-scale commercialization of all-solid-state 2025 button cell battery is estimated to be truly realized in 2025-2030 (later), which requires our continuous efforts.

According to the domestic and international situation, the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" New Energy Vehicle Overall Expert Group proposed a roadmap outlook. In general, the development direction of the positive electrode of the battery is to reduce cobalt to cobalt-free, and the negative electrode will be to add silicon, and the silicon content will gradually increase, even all silicon. The electrolyte should reduce organic solvents and gradually increase the concentration of lithium salts, but it may be necessary to develop all-solid-state electrolytes in the future. However, there are still many technical bottlenecks to overcome in all-solid-state electrolytes, and they need to be gradually developed.

In addition to 2025 button cell battery, what everyone is currently concerned about may be the driving range. Solving the battery problem does not solve all the problems of driving range. The current driving range has increased from 150 kilometers to more than 300 kilometers, but customer complaints have not decreased because the actual driving range is lower than expected. I am also an electric car user, and I feel deeply that the actual driving range is very sensitive to temperature and driving style. Increasing the battery load to increase the driving range is not a fundamental solution. The mainstream technical route is to improve the energy efficiency and charging convenience of electric vehicles.

First, in terms of energy efficiency, the technological changes in high-efficiency electric drive systems will occur in the next five years, that is, the motor drive system will be high-speed, efficient, and miniaturized. The current speed can reach 18,000 rpm, and it may reach 20,000 rpm in the future; the size and weight of the motor will gradually decrease, and the cost of the motor will also decrease due to the decrease in the cost of motor materials.

Secondly, a new generation of high-frequency and high-efficiency power electronics represented by silicon carbide will be widely used, which will also support the development of high-speed motors and make motors develop in the direction of small, efficient, and low-cost. It is understood that the U.S. Department of Energy recently proposed a very challenging goal for 2025: the motor reaches 50 kW/L and the motor controller reaches 100 kW/L. If this goal is achieved, it will have a revolutionary impact on electric vehicles.

Another is thermal management. The new generation of heat pump air conditioning technology has made major breakthroughs and has begun industrial promotion. Now some companies have installed it on vehicles, which will reduce the sensitivity to temperature and reduce the loss of driving range in low temperature environments in winter by 2/3 compared to now, from 30% to 10%. There is also a breakthrough in the integration technology of vehicle energy efficiency optimization. It can be said that power consumption is the most important indicator of the level of vehicle integration technology. The energy saving of electric vehicles is more important than that of fuel vehicles, and regulations should be used to manage it. Nissan Leaf is a benchmark model. The NEDC working condition of small cars is close to 10 kWh/100 km. It can travel 400-500 km with 40-60 kWh of electricity, which reduces the battery loading.

Another is the convenience of charging. One is the construction of the charging system, and the other is the breakthrough of fast charging technology. China has a voltage of 220 volts, which is very suitable for low-power slow charging. Now we should try to equip all family cars with slow charging piles, which will become the main power supply mode and the terminal node of the energy Internet in the future; 10-15 minutes of fast charging is necessary, but fast charging is positioned as an emergency, not the main charging mode, and fast charging accounts for about 15-20%. The current 350-kW DC fast charging and battery replacement costs are too high and not ideal. It is expected that in the next 5-7 years, a new generation of fast charging technology that combines energy storage and is safe and reliable will appear, and there is a lot of room for innovation in this area.

Looking to the future, we will make a simple outlook on the marketization roadmap of electric vehicles. Domestic and foreign research shows that the price of battery systems will reach about $100/kWh in 2025, and in fact, my country's lithium iron phosphate will reach this level ahead of time. Based on the cost of the entire life cycle, the price of fuel vehicles and the cost of the entire life cycle are calculated. Fuel vehicles and electric vehicles will be on par. In addition, the most stringent emission regulations will be implemented soon, the cost of fuel engines will rise, and the turning point is coming. We believe that around 2025, the cost-effectiveness of pure electric vehicles will achieve a major breakthrough.

Tesla's entry into China is currently the most significant event in the pure electric vehicle market. It should be said that Tesla's pure electric strategy is maturing, which will bring major opportunities and challenges. Model 3, as a benchmark model, is Tesla's most successful model and a model that has entered the family. Now it is mass-produced more than 20,000 units per month. What is particularly valuable is that it has fully upgraded the core technology of the power system, including 2025 button cell battery, motors and intelligent technologies. In short, the opening of the market and technological competition will strengthen technological innovation, accelerate market promotion, and accelerate cost reduction. Therefore, pure electric is not a contraction and withdrawal, but a seizing of opportunities and facing challenges.

Second, the outlook for hybrid technology.

Hybrids are generally more complicated, especially for people in non-automotive and non-engine industries, which are easy to confuse. The first is conventional hybrid, that is, non-rechargeable hybrid. Toyota, Honda, and Nissan of Japan have developed representative deep hybrid technologies, leading the trend of international conventional hybrid. But we have also seen that since last year, the sales and fuel consumption of the Nissan E-power, which was trial-produced in series in Japan, can be comparable to the power split products of Prius. This shows that we don't have to take the route of power split. For China, series connection is relatively simple.

Another type is hybrid power that can be charged from the outside, which we call plug-in hybrid power. Plug-in hybrid power is divided into two stages. In the power maintenance stage, it is a conventional hybrid power. But after charging, the battery is used first, which is very important. This should be divided into two parts. One is pure electric plug-in, which is all electricity. The first stage after full charging is pure electric, but there are also some hybrid plug-ins, which are still hybrid power in the front, such as the first generation of Prius plug-in hybrid with a pure electric driving range of 20 kilometers. We believe that pure electric plug-in hybrid power uses electricity for short distances in urban areas and oil for high-speed and long-distance travel. According to the travel characteristics of Chinese passenger cars, it can save more than 80% of oil. This is China's advantageous technical route. This is a bonus brought by the policy of the Chinese government that stipulates a pure electric driving range of more than 50 kilometers. If the pure electric plug-in hybrid power is analyzed separately by function and structure, there are actually nine types of hybrid power. Pure electric hybrid power can be connected in series, in parallel, or in mixed connection. According to China's definition of extended range, it is actually a pure electric plug-in hybrid power connected in series, which is a type of pure electric plug-in hybrid power. China may mainly use parallel and series, and hybrid will not become the mainstream.

Comparing these two methods, it is found that in hybrid mode, the parallel pure electric type has cost and power advantages over the series pure electric type. Domestic leading companies are focusing on exploring low-cost pure electric parallel plug-in hybrid. I think this is a very noteworthy technical route with Chinese advantages. And it can compete with the conventional hybrid of foreign deep hybrid. In terms of cost, since the parallel single motor replaces the dual motor, the comprehensive fuel consumption is greater than the conventional hybrid, from 40% to 80%, and it can compete with the conventional hybrid in terms of cost. This can solve China's long-standing headache for deep hybrid.

How to implement the hybrid technology route? One is the energy-saving car route after upgrading from fuel vehicles, from conventional hybrid to plug-in hybrid. The other is the hybrid route from pure electric vehicles, from pure electric to extended-range and pure electric plug-in hybrid. Specifically, through modularization and platform development, the internal combustion engine power can be completely developed into three parallel configurations, P2, P2.5 and P3, and finally developed into parallel pure electric plug-in hybrid. In terms of pure electric power systems, we can learn from Nissan and develop series hybrid power, and then fuel cell series hybrid power. We can also add extended-range series plug-in hybrid power or extended-range electric vehicles. In short, the characteristics and advantages of China's hybrid technology are still pure electric drive. Of course, pure electric drive includes pure electric, but it is not equal to pure electric.

In addition, it is necessary to mention the core technology of hybrid power - engine technology. At present, the efficiency of hybrid engines used in China is 35%-37%, and the international level is 38%-41%. There is still a lot of room for improvement from the limit efficiency of internal combustion engines: diesel engines are about 55%, and gasoline engines are 45-50%. We still need to innovate vigorously. In terms of hybrid engines, the effective efficiency has exceeded 45% internationally. The main technical paths include increasing compression ratio, lean burn supercharging and lean burn compression ignition. It is worth mentioning that extended-range electric vehicles may be low-power extended-range engines. We are now exploring rotary engines and free-piston engines, etc. From the perspective of international literature analysis and self-research, we believe that the mainstream technical route is still small-displacement four-stroke gasoline engines.

Third, the outlook for fuel cells.

The first benefit positioning of fuel cells, according to the analysis given by Mercedes-Benz, even if the basic internal combustion engine selected is not bad, the internal combustion hybrid has a full life cycle of 4.2 liters, which is equivalent to about 3 liters of fuel consumption on the car, but in this case, the carbon emissions of pure electric and fuel cell benefits are still better. Compared with pure electric and fuel cells, when the primary energy is natural gas, the efficiency of fuel cells is higher than that of pure electric, and when the primary energy is renewable energy, the efficiency of fuel cells is much lower than that of pure electric. In addition, only based on renewable energy can near-zero carbon emissions be achieved.

The cost balance point of fuel cells and pure electric, according to Hyundai's analysis, is about 500 kilometers for passenger cars and about 100 kilometers for commercial vehicles. Domestic and foreign studies have shown that hydrogen fuel cell systems are more suitable for replacing diesel engines, and lithium-ion battery systems are more suitable for replacing gasoline engines. From the perspective of application positioning, fuel cell systems are the best choice for long-distance transport vehicles for trucks and highway buses. This analysis comes from Toyota, which is also the best advocate of fuel cell technology. From 2009 to 2018, although the suitable mileage range of pure electric vehicles has expanded, fuel cells are still positioned in the field of long-distance commercial vehicles, which gives us a lot of inspiration.

The technical route with Chinese characteristics is fuel cells, power 2025 button cell battery, and hybrid power systems. China has pioneered this technical route. Fuel cells are the mainstream technical route internationally. The commercialization of fuel cells in China has begun. After years of demonstration, we had a total of 1,000 vehicles in operation by the end of 2017, and an annual output of more than 1,500 vehicles in 2018. There are 12 hydrogen refueling stations in operation across the country, and there are also more under construction. We believe that fuel cells are also competitive in the cold northern regions of China, namely the SUV field.

Fuel cells are currently facing many challenges. At the level of fuel cell engines, they are mainly membrane motors and air compressors. In addition, hydrogen energy technology, especially on-board hydrogen storage technology, for example, the energy density of hydrogen storage is still not high. Just now we saw that the volume energy density of lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery can reach 800 watt-hours per liter, while the system can only reach 600 watt-hours per liter. The hydrogen system of 70 MPa is 800 watt-hours per liter. It is necessary to develop a new generation of high-energy, low-cost hydrogen storage systems with 1,200 kilowatt-hours per liter. The current hydrogen energy technology lags behind fuel cell technology, and new breakthroughs are needed in hydrogen energy technology in all links of the entire chain, such as liquefaction, which needs to further reduce energy consumption. We expect a new generation of hydrogen energy technology to emerge between 2025 and 2030.

In short, based on the development of hydrogen fuel cell technology in China and the world, I think the industrialization process of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles is about ten years later than that of pure electric vehicles. In 2020, fuel cell hybrid vehicles will mature, and the commercial vehicle market is expected to reach 5,000 to 10,000 vehicles, with fuel cell vehicles being the iconic model.The battery technology will mature, and the cumulative promotion will reach 50,000 to 100,000 vehicles. The iconic model is a large SUV with fuel cells. At present, Great Wall Motors should be said to be in the forefront in this regard. In 2030, the new generation of hydrogen energy technology will break through, and hydrogen production, storage and transportation will break through. Fuel cell technology will be promoted to 1 million vehicles in the fields of transportation and energy. The iconic model is a long-distance freight truck with fuel cells, which will reach a long-distance freight capacity of 1,000 kilometers and a reliability and durability of 1 million kilometers.

In short, China's fuel cell industry chain is still very weak, but the industrialization trend is the best in the world. It has attracted the deep participation of relevant global resources. It is expected that in the next five to ten years, it may reach a level comparable to the current international status of China's lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery.

Fourth, the prospect of the integrated development of electrification and new energy.

We are currently calling it the electric vehicle revolution, and what is about to happen is the new energy revolution and the artificial intelligence revolution. In terms of vehicle intelligence, we are more talking about driving intelligence, shared travel, and actually energy intelligence, energy Internet and car network sharing. If we look at it from the perspective of driving sharing, the total number of vehicles will decrease, but from the perspective of energy sharing, every family should have an electric car, charge it at night at home, and sell electricity during the day to earn the difference, so that the total number of all vehicles will not decrease, and the GDP of the automotive industry will not decrease, so this will be our future way out.

I want to focus on the energy revolution after the electrification of power. The electrification revolution is developing rapidly. China is the first in the world to introduce high-tech fields, and the growth is very good. Now it has entered the growth stage from the incubation period and the introduction period, and will also enter the final high-speed growth period. We believe that after 2020, especially after 2025, it will be a rapid process. According to the forecast of the China Society of Automotive Engineers, there will be 80 million to 100 million vehicles in 2030. Everyone believes that all sales indicators will be reached ahead of schedule, that is, in 2025, the ownership will reach 50 million to 80 million. This is very likely. We must prepare in advance for the energy revolution.

As we all know, photovoltaic technology is China's advantageous industry. Now the efficiency generally reaches 20%, and the next step is 30%. The third-generation photovoltaic revolution is emerging, and the efficiency potential is huge. China's photovoltaic industry has made rapid progress, and distributed photovoltaics are leading the development. We expect that the combined energy system of distributed photovoltaics and distributed energy storage of electric vehicles will build the future energy transportation information. We must be prepared for the energy revolution after the scale of electric vehicles. Distributed photovoltaic energy storage power 2025 button cell battery, hydrogen fuel cells and electric vehicles need each other. Electric vehicles need new energy, and new energy also needs electric vehicles. The "four-in-one" new energy system, if it follows the plan of the Energy Bureau, will have a non-fossil energy power generation ratio of 50% and new energy of 50% in 2030. The battery on the electric vehicle will be 5 billion kWh, plus the energy storage battery (for example, 5 billion kWh), which can reach more than 10 billion kWh. China's daily electricity consumption is 14 billion kWh, and the battery power can supply China's electricity. This will be a profound revolution and will also bring trillions to tens of trillions of industries.

In short, facing 2025, we expect that the electrification technology will be fully mature, whether it is lithium-ion 2025 button cell battery or fuel cells. New energy and renewable energy are also turning points in terms of price/performance ratio, and electric vehicles are also turning points in terms of price/performance ratio. Both turning points will be achieved between 2020 and 2025. These two are a natural perfect match, and intelligence will also advance by leaps and bounds, so around 2025 is a key turning point for all-round breakthroughs. We divide new energy vehicles into three stages. The first stage is electric vehicles, but not real new energy vehicles. In the second stage, new energy electric vehicles are real new energy vehicles. In the third stage, they are new energy intelligent electric vehicles, which is the final stage of our all-round revolution.

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