The rapid rise of new energy vehicles and analysis of the development of
502030 battery technology
Introduction: From a realistic point of view, after the ban on the sale of
fuel vehicles in 2025, the only ones that can be bought are new energy vehicles.
The battery of a car is very important. As this article talks about battery
development, old battery types Gradually becoming history, some new battery
technologies are still in the conceptual stage, and some will be around us as
long as they overcome technical and cost problems.
Last year, the global release of a timetable for banning the sale of fuel
vehicles made people realize that the era of new energy vehicles is coming, and
why pure electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, fuel cell vehicles, etc. have
become the future in just a few years? The main theme? On the one hand, it is
the support of global strategies and policies, and on the other hand, the
continuous improvement of power battery technology. Longer battery life and
shorter charging time are directly related to the commuting needs of users, so
new energy vehicles have come to us. , will replace traditional fuel vehicles in
the future and will be inseparable from everyone's daily travel. So there is
what people say: "The development of new energy vehicles is the development of
battery technology."
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Lead-acid batteries
Pure electric vehicles first used lead-acid batteries. Lead and its oxides
were used as electrode materials and sulfuric acid solution was used as the
electrolyte. This is the power source of most electric bicycles today. Low cost
is its biggest advantage. However, because the energy density of lead-acid
batteries is low, it brings about problems such as large size and small
capacity. It cannot meet the weight control of a car, the consumption of driving
force, and even the service life of more than 10,000 kilometers per year.
Therefore, It could not be used on mass-produced vehicles on a large scale and
was eventually eliminated by automobile manufacturers.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Sealed lead-acid battery pack
NiMH batteries
Nickel-metal hydride batteries are very close to our daily lives. From the
early days of Suisse to today's small appliances such as rechargeable
toothbrushes, they are very common. The positive electrode is a nickel-hydrogen
compound, and the negative electrode is a metal hydride. Its energy density and
number of charge and discharge are compared with each other. Lead-acid batteries
have been greatly improved, and the electrolyte is non-flammable, safe, and the
manufacturing process is mature. BYD was the world's second largest nickel-metal
hydride battery manufacturer before it built cars.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
NiMH battery pack
However, because the charging efficiency of nickel-metal hydride batteries
is average, there is a charging memory effect, and the working voltage is low
(high-voltage fast charging cannot be used), it is not suitable for the single
power source of the car and is suitable for assisting the engine. Toyota is the
best in this regard. Its hybrid system uses an Atkinson engine + a nickel-metal
hydride battery pack. The Atkinson engine itself has the advantage of being
efficient in the middle speed range, but it also has the problem of weakness at
low and high speeds. , and the nickel-metal hydride battery can be a great help
to solve the lack of power at starting and high speed.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Since lithium batteries have been widely used, nickel-metal hydride
batteries have also been completely replaced in cars. For example, Toyota's new
generation hybrid system uses a more efficient engine + lithium battery
combination. Compared with lithium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries
have no advantages in terms of capacity, cycle charging life and environmental
protection. The cost advantage has also been weakened by the vigorous
development of lithium batteries. This is the reason why nickel-metal hydride
batteries are gradually withdrawing from the automotive field. location.
lithium battery
Lithium batteries are the mainstream choice for new energy vehicles at this
stage. Lithium compounds (lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, etc.) are
used as electrode materials, and graphite is used as anode materials. Its
advantages include high energy density, small size, light weight, and charging
efficiency. high. The main factor that determines the type or performance of a
lithium battery is the material of the battery poles. The material of the poles
is the key at this stage, such as the mainstream lithium iron phosphate, lithium
cobalt oxide, nickel cobalt manganese, etc. in the ternary materials. There are
differences in multiple dimensions such as capacity, cost, low-temperature
charging and discharging, and safety.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
General Group lithium battery pack
However, regardless of type, all lithium battery packs will face the
"natural enemy" of low temperature. Although there are certain differences in
the optimal operating temperatures of different lithium battery types, the
decrease in lithium ion activity that occurs when the temperature is lower than
the optimal range has a greater impact on the cruising range. This has also been
reflected in our previous tests: The actual range of electric vehicles equipped
with lithium battery packs in northern winter can generally only reach more than
60% of the theoretical range, or about 70% at most.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Denza EV400 extreme mileage test results
The negative impact of low temperature is not easy to solve from the
battery itself, so many car manufacturers find ways to heat the battery pack and
add a temperature control system specifically for the power battery. Most brand
models that adopt this approach have a certain relief effect, but The actual
effect is not an excellent solution to the problem, because the power
consumption of some electric vehicle temperature control systems is greater than
the loss of low temperature.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Emgrand EV450 is equipped with version 2.0 of ITCS battery intelligent
temperature control management system
What we can look forward to in this regard is that General Motors Group is
already interested in cooperating with South Korea's LG Group to purchase
products that are directly equipped with multiple temperature control components
inside the battery pack. Not only can they dissipate heat for the battery as
well as now, but they can also be used in cold weather. Weather increases
battery temperature. The implementation of this technology is worth looking
forward to. It is reported that GM Group’s next round of new pure electric and
plug-in hybrid cars will use it to replace the battery packs currently supplied
by the Hitachi brand.
hydrogen fuel cell
Everyone knows that water is the final product of H2+O2 combustion, so
hydrogen is an ideal clean energy source. As far as hydrogen itself is
concerned, combustion can release a lot of energy and perform well at low
temperatures. The most important thing is that hydrogenation is highly
efficient. It only takes 5 minutes to drive more than 600 kilometers with
hydrogenation. There is still room for improvement in this data. Above These are
far superior to existing lithium batteries.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Regarding the investment in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, car companies in
Japan and South Korea have already started research, and now they have invested
in the markets of their respective countries on a small scale. For example, the
Hyundai NEXO hydrogen fuel cell vehicle that the author tested before the Spring
Festival has been used in large quantities. Used in the PyeongChang Winter
Olympics and put on the market.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Hyundai NEXO hydrogen fuel cell vehicle
And hydrogen is such a good energy source, why is it not promoted? Because
it is too difficult to obtain hydrogen with current technology. Everyone has
learned that hydrogen can be obtained by electrolyzing water, but it consumes
electricity to electrolyze water and then burn the hydrogen to eventually turn
into water. The power consumption and loss of this process are not as high as
directly charging the lithium battery, which is too expensive. The cost and
technology are more suitable to be extracted from oil and natural gas, but the
quantity is not large, so fuel cell vehicles are "only known by their name and
difficult to promote."
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
graphene battery
Regarding the discussion of power batteries for future new energy vehicles,
the most reliable and most discussed one is the graphene battery. To "translate"
some professional interpretations is: there are two ways to use this material
combined with lithium batteries. One is The graphene composite material is used
as the conductive agent of the lithium battery, and the second is directly used
as the negative electrode. The effect is to increase the activity of the lithium
battery, thereby improving the cruising range and charging speed of the electric
vehicle.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Graphene-carbonized sponge lithium-oxygen battery
Graphene batteries can effectively solve the shortcomings of lithium
batteries, and the product characteristics are directly linked to the use of new
energy vehicles. The benefits of this material are indeed great, and South
Korea's Samsung has also announced that it has mastered this technology, but the
cost is a major bottleneck. It is not easy to obtain graphene. In the early
days, it was a material used in the aerospace field. When and How to reduce
costs will be a major problem for this high-quality product to "fly into the
homes of ordinary people". Various automobile manufacturers have not yet
announced plans to make efforts in this regard.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Graphene lithium battery renderings
To put it simply, the working principle of pure electric vehicles is to
"charge directly and use electricity", while hydrogen fuel cell vehicles "burn"
(chemical reaction) H2+O2 into electricity and water, which is equivalent to
"burning hydrogen" to generate electricity. Both "batteries" are also
zero-emission. The lithium battery of electric vehicles has smaller capacity
density, poor low-temperature activity, which affects battery life, and slow
charging speed. Hydrogen fuel cells do not have the problem at all, and their
working efficiency is much higher. This is exactly The reason hydrogen is called
a premium energy source.
Solid lithium battery
As the name suggests, solid-state lithium batteries no longer use liquid
electrolytes but use solid electrolytes. Their capacity density is far higher
than that of current mainstream lithium batteries. This means that pure electric
vehicles have a higher cruising range and can even reach the cruising range of
energy-saving gasoline vehicles, and can be charged Efficiency has also made a
qualitative leap compared to the current stage. It is reported that electric
vehicles equipped with solid-state batteries can increase the charging speed by
800 kilometers in one minute at the most ideal charging speed. This can be said
to be the best core component of new energy vehicles.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
At this stage, some overseas energy and technology companies, as well as
battery manufacturers such as Panasonic, have begun the research and development
of solid-state batteries. Only the three major Japanese car companies, Toyota,
Honda and Nissan, are involved in this area. This is due to the assistance from
the Japanese national level. push. Judging from the plans of various parties
that have begun to study solid-state batteries, it is expected that there will
be breakthroughs in cost, energy density and manufacturing in 2020. It will be
2030 before this research and development result can be implemented and widely
popularized in the field of new energy vehicles, which is still a long way from
us. This is why major car companies did not mention solid-state vehicles when
they released their response strategies to the global ban on the sale of fuel
vehicles in 2025. Battery reasons.
Why are new energy vehicles rising rapidly? An analysis of the development
of power battery technology
Many car companies and even new car manufacturing forces have released
future new energy plans, so stay tuned for more related content...
Summarize
Looking at the big picture, environmental protection seems to be a general
direction in the world, and electric energy is an essential energy source for
people's lives. Therefore, new energy vehicles using electricity as fuel are the
easiest to implement and the transition is smoothest. From a practical point of
view, after the ban on the sale of fuel vehicles in 2025, the only ones that can
be bought are new energy vehicles. The battery of a car is very important. As
mentioned in this article about the development of batteries, old battery types
have gradually become Historically, some new battery technologies are still in
the conceptual stage, and some will be around us as long as they overcome
technical and cost problems.
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