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　　What are the characteristics of photovoltaic cells and what are their application fields?

　　The basic characteristics of photovoltaic cells are polarity, performance parameters and volt-ampere characteristics; other application areas are user solar power, transportation, communications/communications, petroleum, ocean, meteorological fields and photovoltaic power stations, etc. Next, I will introduce the detailed content to you.

　　1. Basic characteristics of photovoltaic cells

　　1. Polarity of photovoltaic cells

　　Photovoltaic cells are generally made into P+/N-type structure or N+/P-type structure. P+ and N+ represent the conductivity type of the semiconductor material of the light layer on the front of the photovoltaic cell; N and P represent the conductivity type of the semiconductor material of the back substrate of the photovoltaic cell. The electrical properties of photovoltaic cells are related to the properties of the semiconductor materials used to make the cells.

　　2. Performance parameters of photovoltaic cells

　　The performance parameters of photovoltaic cells consist of open circuit voltage, short circuit current, maximum output power, fill factor, conversion efficiency, etc. These parameters are a measure of the performance of photovoltaic cells.

　　3. Volt-ampere characteristics of photovoltaic cells

　　A P-N junction photovoltaic cell consists of a shallow P-N junction formed on the surface, a strip and finger-shaped front ohmic contact, a back ohmic contact covering the entire back surface, and an anti-reflective layer on the front. When the cell is exposed to the solar spectrum, photons with energy less than the forbidden band width Eg do not contribute to the cell output. Photons with energy greater than the bandgap width Eg will contribute energy Eg to the battery output, and energy less than Eg will be consumed in the form of heat. Therefore, in the design and manufacturing process of photovoltaic cells, the impact of this heat on battery stability, life, etc. must be considered.

　　2. Application fields of photovoltaic cells

　　1. User solar power supply

　　Small power supplies ranging from 10-100W are used in remote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas, border posts and other military and civilian life needs, such as lighting, TVs, radios, etc.

　　2. Transportation field

　　Such as navigation beacon lights, traffic/railway signal lights, traffic warning/sign lights, street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, highway/railway wireless phone booths, unattended road shift power supply, etc.

　　3. Communication/communication field

　　Solar unattended microwave relay station, optical cable maintenance station, broadcast/communication/paging power supply system; rural carrier telephone photovoltaic system, small communication machine, soldier GPS power supply, etc.

　　4. Petroleum, ocean, and meteorological fields

　　Petroleum pipelines and reservoir gate cathodic protection solar power systems, oil drilling platform life and emergency power supplies, ocean detection equipment, meteorological/hydrological observation equipment, etc.

　　5. Home lighting power supply

　　Such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, mountain climbing lights, fishing lights, black light lights, rubber tapping lights, energy-saving lamps, etc.

　　6. Photovoltaic power station

　　10KW-50MW independent photovoltaic power stations, wind and solar (diesel) complementary power stations, various large parking plant charging stations, etc.

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