18650 rechargeable battery lithium 3.7v 3500mah.Research on accurately determining the Coulombic efficiency of metallic lithium anodes and metallic lithium batteries

　　Metal lithium batteries are expected to become a new star in the field of energy storage in the future, but issues such as the Coulombic efficiency limit during the lithium insertion-delithiation process and the safety of lithium dendrite growth are the main challenges they face.

　　In order to build high-performance metallic lithium batteries, accurately measuring the Coulombic efficiency of lithium is one of the key issues in predicting cycle life. When the Coulombic efficiency approaches 100%, even an increment of 0.1% can lead to significant changes in the cycle life of lithium metal batteries. However, measuring the Coulombic efficiency of lithium is affected by many factors and testing methods. For example, during the preparation, transfer, and analysis of lithium samples, care should be taken to avoid exposure to air.

　　【Achievements Introduction】

　　Recently, Dr. Zhang Jiguang from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory published an article titled "Accurate Determination of Coulombic Efficiency for Lithium Metal Anodes and Lithium Metal Batteries" in the famous journal Advanced Energy Materials. This article studies various factors that affect the Coulombic efficiency test of metallic lithium and proposes a method to accurately measure the Coulombic efficiency of metallic lithium. The improved reliable method for testing Coulombic efficiency can serve as a standardized technique to provide reference for other researchers and help them reduce the error in testing Coulombic efficiency between different research groups. The Coulombic efficiency test value can be calculated from this and used to quantify the lithium consumption during the cycle and estimate the cycle life of metallic lithium batteries.

　　[Picture and text introduction]

　　Figure 1: Method 1 tests the electrochemical performance of Li||Cu batteries.

　　a) Cycle diagram of Li||Cu battery tested using method 1;

　　b) Constant current test:

　　c) Voltage change curve with time:

　　d) The calculated Coulombic efficiency versus cycle number curve.

　　Figure 2: Method 2 tests the electrochemical performance of Li||Cu batteries.

　　a) Cycle diagram of Li||Cu battery tested using method 2;

　　b) Constant current test:

　　c) Voltage change curve with time:

　　Figure 3: Method 3 tests the electrochemical performance of Li||Cu batteries.

　　a) Cycle diagram of Li||Cu battery tested using method 3;

　　b) Constant current test:

　　c) Voltage change curve with time:

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