Which is a good vanadium or lithium battery?

　　1. Safety: Safety is the core of vanadium batteries'popularity. From 2011 to April 2022, 34 explosions of energy storage power stations occurred worldwide, 32 of which were lithium batteries, 1 lead-acid batteries and 1 sodium-sulfur batteries.

　　2. Cycle life: Lithium-ion batteries have a short cycle life and can store up to 6000 cycles of lithium iron phosphate, but vanadium batteries have a long cycle life, with cycles ranging from 1-20,000;

　　3. Energy density: Vanadium batteries have a low energy density of only 12~40Wh/kg, which is mainly limited by the solubility of vanadium ions and the design of stacks. Lithium batteries are generally 80-300Wh/kg, so in order to achieve the same storage capacity, vanadium batteries are undoubtedly much larger, 3-5 times larger than lithium batteries.

　　4. Energy: Vanadium batteries need pumps to maintain the flow of electrolyte when they are running, so there is energy loss and low energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency of vanadium batteries system is 70%-75% of lithium batteries.

　　5. Cost of use: Cost of initial installation is high, twice that of lithium batteries. The total investment cost of the project is concentrated in 3.8~6.0 yuan/Wh, but it can be reduced after scale. If calculated from the whole life cycle, the cost of vanadium batteries is 0.72 yuan/KWh, which is lower than 0.80 yuan/KWh of lithium power storage. Since vanadium only changes in valence in electrolyte, it can be completely recycled. Considering the recycling problem, the cost of vanadium batteries in the whole life cycle is only 0.48 yuan/KWh.

　　6. Energy safety: Lithium ore is mainly distributed in South America, Australia and other countries and regions. China's reserves account for only 7%, and there is an energy crisis. By the end of 2021, China's vanadium reserves were the first in the world, accounting for 39% and its output for 68%.

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