cr2032 3v lithium battery

　　Research on the development path of industrialization of cr2032 3v lithium battery

　　1. Basic concepts of power batteries

　　1.1 Definition

　　Power batteries refer to devices used in cars that can store electrical energy and be rechargeable to provide energy for driving the car, including cr2032 3v lithium battery, metal hydride nickel power batteries and supercapacitors, etc., excluding lead-acid Class battery. At present, my country's new energy vehicle power battery applications are dominated by lithium-ion power battery systems. Due to the criticality of power batteries in automotive applications, power batteries are likened to the heart of new energy vehicles.

　　1.2 Classification

　　1.2.1 Industrial application of power batteries

　　At present, the mainstream application type of batteries for new energy vehicles in the world is lithium-ion batteries. According to the difference in cathode material system, lithium batteries currently used in the market can be divided into lithium iron phosphate batteries, ternary batteries and lithium manganate batteries.

　　Lithium iron phosphate battery, the cathode material is lithium iron phosphate. This type of battery has the main characteristics of high technological maturity, low production cost, good safety and long cycle life.

　　The cathode material of the ternary battery is mainly composed of nickel, manganese (or aluminum), cobalt and lithium elements. Currently, lithium nickel cobalt manganate batteries have the highest market share. Ternary material batteries have higher energy density, good charge-discharge rate performance and low-temperature performance, but their safety and cycle life are not as good as lithium iron phosphate batteries.

　　As the name suggests, the positive electrode material of lithium manganate battery is lithium manganate. This type of battery has low cost, excellent rate performance, and good safety. Its disadvantages are poor storage and cycle life and low specific energy.

　　1.2.2 New power batteries under development

　　Under the trend of electrification in the global automobile industry, vehicles with high driving range require power batteries with higher energy density and better rate charge and discharge performance. Therefore, the next generation of new system batteries should have high specific energy, high specific power, high safety, cycle life and lower cost indicators. Currently, the two main directions of lithium battery research are solid-state batteries.

　　2. Current status of power battery industrialization development

　　2.1International aspects

　　2.1.1 Market analysis

　　From the perspective of the development pattern of the global power battery industry, the current power battery material research and development and technological innovation, manufacturing and industrialization have formed three main gathering areas. They are the United States and Japan leading in research and development, and the industrialization scale of China, South Korea and Japan. maximum. In terms of market share, companies in China, South Korea and Japan produce batteries that are used in nearly 95% of the world's cars, of which Chinese brand batteries account for more than 60%. From the perspective of comprehensive technology and industrial development, the United States and Japan lead in technology research and development, South Korea leads in engineering applications, and China leads in industrial scale.

　　Table 1 Global power battery companies support automobile companies

　　Data source: Compiled based on public information

　　2.1.2 Application analysis of mainstream technology routes

　　According to the different application needs of international and domestic markets, lithium batteries with different technical routes are widely used in both international and domestic markets.

　　Judging from the battery matching of global vehicle companies, Japanese and Korean batteries are mainly used in well-known global car company groups, and their application models include hybrid models, plug-in hybrid models and pure electric models. In terms of technical routes, international vehicle power battery cells are mainly based on lithium manganate and ternary material systems (nickel cobalt manganese and nickel cobalt aluminum in high nickel systems). In addition to CATL's extensive supply of batteries for international brand models, my country's power batteries lack strong leading companies to participate in international competition.

　　From the perspective of domestic vehicle power battery supply, the commercial vehicle (bus, special vehicle) market has tended to develop steadily under years of policy nurturing. There is little difference in the application technology routes of each power battery. The main development trend is to increase energy density. The main technical route is still based on lithium iron phosphate. Domestic passenger car companies mainly use domestic brand power batteries, and their product applications are mainly high-energy-density ternary batteries.

　　In summary, in terms of the advancement and diversification of technical routes, the diversification of matching models, and the degree of international product development, the comprehensive strength of my country's power battery companies still has greater room for development compared with Japanese and Korean companies.

　　Figure 1 Technical roadmap of automotive cr2032 3v lithium battery

　　2.1.3 Development strategies of major global regions

　　The United States, Europe, and Japan have different development routes for power batteries. The EU has gradually realized that power batteries are lagging behind in industrial development. In order to avoid product supply dependence, it has begun to promote the implementation of the "Battery Alliance" plan, advocating that EU member states increase investment and promote the industrial development of power battery production and recycling in Europe. . The U.S. power battery industry has advantages in next-generation battery research and development. One is the advantages in original innovation of materials and engineering technology innovation. The United States leads the world in battery basic material research and development technology and product integration application technology. Second, in terms of key main materials for power batteries, the United States leads the world in solid-state batteries, cathode lithium battery materials, silicon-based anodes, separators, etc. Among them, Dow Chemical leads the world in cathode materials and Celgard leads the world in separator technology.

　　Japan's battery industry is smaller than China's, but it is leading the way in deploying next-generation batteries. Japanese battery companies mainly include two categories. One is joint ventures with Japanese vehicle companies to develop and produce power batteries, and the other is independently supplying batteries to global car companies. Panasonic is the representative company and supplies many well-known companies such as Volkswagen, Tesla, and Ford. Enterprise supporting facilities. In the field of next-generation battery research and development, the Japanese Ministry of Economy has jointly developed solid-state batteries with 23 automobile, power battery and material companies including Toyota, Nissan, Honda, and Panasonic, and plans to fully master solid-state battery-related technologies in 2022.

　　2.2 Domestic aspects

　　2.2.1 Industrial policy environment

　　In order to promote the development of the power battery industry, my country has introduced a corresponding policy system, which includes industrial support policies, development guidance, management specifications, etc. Relevant policies are further divided into macro management policies, industry development policies, administrative management and regulatory systems, and feasibility research special support. At the macro level, the development guidance clarifies the main tasks for the development of the power battery industry, including basic and forward-looking scientific research deployment, technological innovation goals, key common technological breakthroughs, and cascade utilization and recycling of power batteries. In terms of industrial management, in order to maintain market order, rationally allocate resources, and promote industrial development, the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology have issued policies to implement standardized management of relevant enterprise operating activities. With the support of this policy system, the technical level of power batteries has rapidly improved, the industrial scale has continued to expand, and market concentration has continued to increase. Under this industry development trend, the power battery industry has experienced phased and structural overcapacity, and the policy environment has accordingly shifted from supporting the good and the strong to the survival of the fittest.

　　2.2.2 Industry characteristics

　　The characteristics of my country's power battery industry are high unit investment (1GWh production capacity construction generally requires 500 million yuan), high technical threshold, rapid R&D innovation, high talent requirements, rapid upgrades, and high production automation requirements.

　　The power battery industry is a typical capital-intensive high-tech industry, which is characterized by large capital investment, high-quality personnel, high technical system threshold, rapid iteration of product development, automated production equipment, and lean quality management. At present, the construction scale of power battery companies is around 10GWh, and the investment in project construction alone is at least 500 million yuan. Power battery technology research and development and process engineering include research and development of nano-level basic material properties, four main material processes (positive electrode, negative electrode, separator, electrolyte), battery cell manufacturing, battery system integration, etc. The production process is complex, the environment is demanding, and the equipment is precise. The requirements are extremely high, so the industry threshold is very high.

　　2.2.3 Analysis of mainstream technology types

　　my country's power battery technology route is basically consistent with global mainstream applications. The global automotive power battery product application technology route is dominated by nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material batteries. The development of lithium manganate and lithium iron phosphate technology routes has gradually slowed down. Advanced product technology routes such as solid-state batteries have not yet formed large-scale engineering applications. From the perspective of product specifications and standards, the power battery system has gradually shifted from the basic development of fuel vehicles to the forward development of new energy vehicle platforms. The power battery system and the vehicle chassis are integrated into the design, thus gradually forming battery cells, modules and system specifications. The trend towards uniform size standards. In the global competition, the core technical indicators and specifications of my country's power battery single products are not far behind the world's advanced products.

　　2.2.4 Analysis of regional industrial clusters

　　my country's power battery industry is mainly distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin region, East China, Central Plains and South China. The industry in the Beijing-Tianjin region developed earlier, dominated by enterprises such as CITIC Guoanmeng Guli, Tianjin Lishen, Beijing Guoneng, Tianjin Jiewei, Tianjin BAK, etc.; the Central Plains region has a traditional electrochemical industry foundation and has formed an upstream materials-based industry and the entire industrial chain of power batteries. The main enterprises include AVIC Lithium Battery, Duofuoduo, Zhengzhou BAK, Henan Lithium Dynamics, Xintaihang, Huanyu, etc. East China is the region with the most developed power battery R&D strength, industrial scale, and upstream and downstream industry foundations in my country. Large-scale market demand has driven the investment and development of the power battery industry, including CATL, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, Wanxiang, Tianneng, and Chaozhou. Well-known companies such as Weiwei and Shuangdeng, the demand for vehicle power batteries from well-known car company groups in the region has driven the development of the market and industry. There are a number of digital product battery companies in South China. On the basis of this industry, BYD, Waterma, Vision Power, Tianjin, Shenzhen BAK, Yiwei Lithium Energy, Xinwangda, Zhenhua New Energy, Zhuo Neng New Energy and a number of power battery companies.

　　2.2.5 Market analysis

　　The development of my country's power battery market is characterized by an increase in the number of passenger car battery supplies, an increase in high-energy density battery supplies, and a further increase in industry agglomeration. According to statistics from the Power Battery Application Branch of the China Chemical and Physical Power Sources Industry Association, my country's new energy vehicle power battery supporting capacity exceeded 56.89GWh in 2018, an increase of 56.88% year-on-year in 2017. The top 20 companies installed 52.23GWh, accounting for 52.23GWh of the annual installed capacity. 91.8% of the installed capacity. Among them, ternary batteries accounted for 30.1GWh, accounting for 58.17%, an increase of 103.71% over 2017; lithium iron phosphate batteries accounted for 22.2GWh, accounting for 39%, an increase of 23.51% over 2017; lithium manganate batteries 1.08GWh, accounting for 1.9% , a decrease of 26.7% year-on-year in 2017; lithium titanate battery 0.52GWh, accounting for 0.91%, a decrease of 8.99% year-on-year in 2017. From the perspective of various power types, the cumulative installed capacity of power batteries for pure electric vehicles is approximately 53.01GWh, a year-on-year increase of 55.64%; the cumulative installed capacity of power batteries for plug-in hybrid vehicles is approximately 3.82GWh, a year-on-year increase of 75.34%.

　　The survival of the fittest among enterprises in my country's power battery industry is rapid, and the market structure of "two heroes + multiple powers" has initially taken shape. In 2018, the cumulative supporting volume of the top ten individual enterprises was approximately 47 billion watt-hours, accounting for approximately 82.72% of the market. Among them, CATL and BYD are significantly ahead in supporting volume, reaching 23.4 billion watt-hours and 11.4 billion watt-hours respectively. CATL’s market share increased from 29.0% in 2017 to 41% in 2018, while BYD’s market share increased from 29.0% in 2017 to 41% in 2018. It increased from 15.5% to 20.1% in 2018. According to the direction of industrial policies and industrial development trends, the concentration of my country's power battery industry is expected to further increase.

　　Table 2 Ranking of supply volume of power battery companies in 2018

　　Data source: Statistical analysis of Power Battery Application Branch of China Chemical and Physical Power Supply Industry Association

　　2.2.6 Analysis of key enterprises

　　Judging from the supporting characteristics of power batteries, the product types of traditional leading companies in the power battery industry, such as CATL, BYD, Lishen, Guoxuan, and Funeng, can basically represent the mainstream types of domestic products. First, the material system is mainly ternary and lithium iron phosphate. ; Second, high-energy-density ternary batteries are mainly used in passenger cars, and high-security, low-cost lithium iron phosphate batteries are mainly used in passenger cars and special vehicles; third, except for CATL, domestic power battery companies are still equipped with domestic Mainly vehicle companies, there is still a gap compared with the scale and influence of Japanese and Korean battery-equipped internationally renowned brand cars.

　　Table 3 Power battery product types and applications of different companies

　　Data source: Statistical analysis by the Policy Research Center of China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd.

　　3. The development path of power battery industrialization

　　With the engineering and commercial development of power battery products along different technical routes, lithium-ion power battery technology is gradually progressing towards higher energy density, cycle life and other indicators. Among them, the positive electrode material is a high-nickel ternary material, and nano-silicon is added to the negative electrode to form a silicon-carbon negative electrode material. The electrolyte gradually develops from liquid to solid to achieve higher lithium battery energy density products and the industrialization of related market fields.

　　3.1 High nickel ternary cathode material

　　3.1.1 Technical principles, advantages and disadvantages

　　Nternary materials are currently the best choice for high-energy-density power batteries. High-nickel ternary batteries are becoming the mainstream of power battery applications in the short term. Ternary materials combine the performance advantages of nickel (increase battery capacity), cobalt (increase ion conductivity), and manganese (stable structure). They are the mainstream products with high energy density, high performance and low cost in the recent stage. By 2020, my country's industrialized energy density index for high-nickel ternary lithium batteries will be 300Wh/kg, and we will strive to achieve 350Wh/kg.

　　High-nickel ternary materials still have certain technical shortcomings. First, the nickel proportion of high-nickel ternary materials increases, which intensifies the mixing of nickel and lithium ions, reducing the discharge specific capacity; second, the phase change of nickel during the deintercalation and removal of lithium causes volume changes, which reduces the structural stability of the material, thereby leading to cycle The service life is reduced; third, impurities such as lithium carbonate are more likely to form on high-nickel cathode materials. High-temperature environments will cause flatulence, and side reactions between impurities and electrolytes will eventually lead to a decrease in cycle life; fourth, the increase in nickel content generates heat, making the cathode The thermal stability of the material decreases; fifth, the surface impurities of high-nickel ternary materials increase, and the optimization of the electrolyte formula is still a difficult problem.

　　3.1.2 R&D and industrialization, major R&D enterprises

　　Internationally, Panasonic, Samsung SDI, LG Chem and other companies have achieved mass production of high-nickel ternary batteries (Panasonic nickel-cobalt-aluminum ternary material batteries are equipped with Tesla models, the ratio of nickel, cobalt and aluminum is 8:1.5:0.5, single The energy density of the bulk cell is 300Wh/kg).

　　Domestically, companies are currently developing ternary material 622 system and 811 system technologies, but have not yet mass-produced them. Industry leading companies such as CATL, BYD, Lishen, and Guoxuan Hi-Tech have made progress in the research and development of high-nickel ternary lithium batteries. The positive electrode materials of BYD, AVIC Lithium Battery, and BAK batteries use high-nickel ternary materials, and the negative electrode materials use nano-silicon material systems. The energy density is planned to be increased to 300Wh/kg in 2020. CATL's high-energy-density batteries use a high-nickel ternary/silicon carbon material system and plan to reach 300Wh/kg in 2020. The high-energy-density batteries of Guoxuan Hi-Tech, China Electric Power Shen, and Yiwei Lithium Energy use high-nickel ternary positive electrode and silicon-based negative electrode material systems, and plan to reach 300Wh/kg in 2020.

　　3.2 Silicon carbon anode material

　　3.2.1 Technical principles, advantages and disadvantages

　　The silicon-carbon negative electrode material formed by nano-silicon and graphite can effectively increase the gram capacity of lithium batteries and further achieve higher energy density. From the currently commercialized silicon carbon anodeIn terms of material performance, compared with graphite anode materials, the biggest advantage of silicon-carbon anode materials is the increase in specific capacity. The lowest specific capacities of silicon-carbon anode materials exceed the theoretical specific capacity of graphite anode materials. The theoretical energy density of graphite is 372mAh/g, and the theoretical energy density of silicon anode is as high as 4200mAh/g.

　　Despite this, silicon-carbon negative electrode materials still have shortcomings. First, the volume of silicon expands by 100% to 300% during the charge and discharge process, which affects the conductivity to a certain extent. Second, silicon is a semiconductor, and its conductivity is different from that of graphite. It is highly irreversible during the deintercalation process of lithium ions, and the Coulombic efficiency decreases for the first time.

　　3.2.2 R&D and industrialization, major R&D enterprises

　　Internationally, Tesla Model 3 uses a silicon-carbon negative electrode power battery with a battery capacity of more than 550mAh/g and an energy density of 300Wh/kg. The silicon-based anode lithium-ion battery developed by Japan's GS Yuasa has been used in well-known brand cars such as Mitsubishi; Hitachi Group Maxell has developed a high-capacity silicon anode lithium battery.

　　Domestically, companies such as CATL, Guoxuan Hi-Tech, BYD, BAK, Lishen, and AVIC Lithium Battery have made progress in the research and development of silicon-carbon anode batteries. At the same time, domestic anode material manufacturers have made plans in the field of silicon-carbon anodes. Companies such as Beterui and Zichen have taken the lead in launching a variety of silicon-carbon anode materials and have included them in the above-mentioned power battery R&D system. Shanshan Energy has already introduced silicon-carbon anode materials. carry out industrialization. New silicon-carbon anode materials have become the main direction of product research and development for battery and materials companies.

　　3.3 Solid electrolyte

　　3.3.1 Technical principles, advantages and disadvantages

　　A solid-state battery is a battery that uses solid electrodes and electrolytes. Currently, it includes all-solid lithium batteries, lithium-air batteries, etc. (metal lithium reacts reversibly with oxygen). All-solid-state lithium battery is an innovative system of lithium batteries. First, the content of industrial electrolytes in battery cells gradually decreases, and solid-liquid mixed electrolytes gradually replace liquid electrolytes, and eventually develop into all-solid electrolytes. Electrolytes mainly include two categories, one is organic polymer solid electrolyte, and the other is inorganic polymer solid electrolyte. The solid electrolyte is different from the traditional electrolyte in the lithium battery industry. It has high ionic conductivity, high ion migration number, good mechanical properties, good thermal stability, and good compatibility.

　　Solid electrolytes are more stable than liquid electrolytes and the electrode materials will not dissolve. More solid material electrolytes with higher electrochemical stability are being studied. In the future, positive and negative electrode materials are developing towards higher voltage and greater current capacity density. But at the same time, the industrial development of solid-state batteries has disadvantages such as high cost, low charging rate due to impedance and conductivity, and excessive interface impedance between electrodes and electrolytes.

　　3.3.2 R&D and industrialization, major R&D enterprises

　　Internationally, Toyota has a long history of research in the field of solid-state batteries. Its lithium-sulfur system battery has successfully applied for a patent in the United States. The biggest feature of this system is its good thermal stability and safety, making it the most industrialized technology route. . SolidPower uses lithium metal as the anode technology route to develop products with higher energy density, and has launched industrial cooperation with BMW. For this reason, companies such as Samsung SDI, Hyundai Group, Hitachi Group, French Bolloré, and American Sakti3 are also making progress in independent research and development of solid-state batteries, striving to achieve early industrialization.

　　Domestically, the Ningbo Institute of Technology is focusing on lithium metal anodes and lithium-sulfur systems to research high-safety, high-rate solid-state batteries with different electrolyte systems. 【】 Qingdao Institute of Energy and Process Research proposed an ion-conducting polymer system, which is composed of polymers and lithium salts. This system significantly improves the mechanical strength of the structure. In addition, domestic companies such as CATL, China Electric Power Shen, Ganfeng Lithium, and Guoneng Battery have carried out R&D and manufacturing process research on high energy density solid-state batteries above 400Wh/kg. The industrialization of solid-state batteries to replace current lithium batteries is gradually accelerating.

　　4 Conclusion

　　This article analyzes the development status of my country's lithium-ion power battery industrialization in detail from the aspects of industry, market, technology, etc., analyzes the development trend of my country's power battery industrialization from the industrial and technical perspectives, and discusses the industrial structure and development of my country's power batteries. Quality, technology research and development, international development and other aspects, and finally pointed out the path for the industrialization development of my country's cr2032 3v lithium battery. my country's power battery market demand is huge, but industry competition is becoming increasingly fierce, industry reshuffle and integration are ongoing, and the market will further concentrate on advantageous companies. In the process of industrialization development, the main body of the power battery industry must put product performance and safety first, and continuously strengthen the construction of new material system power battery research and development and manufacturing process innovation capabilities. Only with sufficient product research and development strength and large-scale production capabilities, Only those who grasp the direction of industrialization development will remain invincible in future competition.

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