AG3 battery

Cascade utilization, recycled materials, improved technology, what cases are being tried in the AG3 batteryy recycling industry?

From private cars to taxis, from SUVs to trucks - as governments and automakers move towards transportation transformation at an increasingly rapid pace, electric vehicles are gradually becoming the norm.

First of all, this is of course a good development, which can effectively improve air quality and reduce emissions. But in this case, we must talk about lithium AG3 batteryies. The lithium AG3 batteryies used in electric vehicles can last for about 10 years, and then the capacity decreases and they need to be replaced.

And how to deal with scrapped AG3 batteryies is also one of the major issues in the industry at present. After all, there is no need to say what kind of horrific environmental consequences will be directly put into landfills.

According to Anwar Sattar, chief engineer of Warwick Manufacturing Group (WMG): "Technically, more than 90% of AG3 batteryies can be recycled. But because recycling involves the reuse of recycled materials, which is becoming a commercial activity, companies will choose to recycle only those parts that can bring them positive economic returns."

The AG3 batteryy directive published by the European Union clearly states that at least 50% of AG3 batteryies must be recycled as a whole. Fortunately, this isn’t difficult for AG3 batteryy packs, as the wiring and plastics used to make them can be easily stripped away.

The challenge is that it’s the actual AG3 batteryy cells and the precious metals they contain that are recycled, and these cells in particular can be dangerous. “The electrolyte is flammable, explosive and highly toxic,” says Sattar. “It’s very sensitive to water and forms hydrofluoric acid (which is highly corrosive) when it comes in contact with water. These hazards must be dealt with in the recycling process before the rest of the AG3 batteryy can be recycled.”

Industry experts and companies are actively developing solutions. Let’s take a look at what’s going on in the recycling AG3 batteryy space.

Second life: Power storage for homes, industry and energy generation

Used electric vehicle AG3 batteryies can continue to function in their intact state as power storage for homes and industry. For example, in April 2021, Swedish carmaker Volvo reiterated its commitment to become a “circular company” by 2040, creating a closed loop that will recycle all the materials in its cars.

To achieve this goal, Volvo announced the launch of a project to tap the second life potential of high-voltage AG3 batteryies. One of them is a collaboration with AG3 batteryyLoop to use AG3 batteryies from Volvo electric cars in a solar energy storage system. The system powers some of Gothenburg's charging points for electric cars and electric bikes.

In another project, Volvo, clean technology company Comsys and energy company Fortum are working on a pilot in which AG3 batteryy packs from Volvo plug-in hybrid cars are used as stationary energy storage to help provide a "fast balancing" service to the power system, increasing the flexibility of supply at a hydroelectric facility in Sweden.

Volvo said the projects studied how AG3 batteryies age when they are used for a second time. The intense cycles during second use are significantly less than when used in the car. They effectively help the company understand the commercial value of AG3 batteryies after they are used in the car and identify potential future revenue sources.

"We want to understand how long the AG3 batteryies will last in these applications to see if there are any profit or sustainability benefits," Anders Karrberg, Volvo's head of sustainability, said in an interview.

However, it seems that Volvo does not think that secondary use is the best option for recycling AG3 batteryies, as the project is still in its early stages, and more time is needed.

Carlberg explained: "Making AG3 batteryies produces about 6-8 tons of CO2, and a lot of raw precious metals. So from a sustainability point of view, the AG3 batteryy is valuable. But how long it will last, we don't really know. Extending its life can increase the value, but we still need to study it more deeply. In fact, it may be better to recycle it immediately. It's hard to say at the moment."

Innovative AG3 batteryy solutions installed by Volvo, Fortum and Comsys at the Landafors hydropower plant in Sweden▼

In addition to Volvo, Nissan has used second-life AG3 batteryies from the Leaf for static energy storage in industrial and domestic facilities, and supplies ready-made home or commercial energy storage units called xStorage. As a competitor to TSLA Powerwall, Nissan is different in that you can choose to use new or used AG3 batteryies.

Honda has also announced its plans for used hybrid and electric vehicle AG3 batteryies. Honda's European division will work with France's New Generation Metals (SNAM) to collect and recycle AG3 batteryies for secondary use or to extract valuable elements.

BMW announced in October 2020 that it would work with energy company OffGridEnergy to create a sustainable second-life solution for AG3 batteryies from end-of-life BMW and MINI electric and hybrid models.

BMW will supply the company with AG3 batteryy modules for use in the creation of mobile power banks. The first prototype is now up and running, powered by a lithium-ion module from a MINI electric car development car. It has a capacity of 40 kWh and supplies 7.2 kW fast charging, and will be used at BMW and MINI events in the UK in late 2020 and early 2021.

BMW and OffGridEnergy say that over time, as more modules become available, the system will have a capacity of 180 kWh, capable of supplying multiple charges at rates of up to 50 kW. The two companies claim that when the units are used to replace traditional temporary power generation, the AG3 batteryy modules will be able to achieve at least twice the CO2 reductions of when they were originally used in the car.

In October 2020, Renault announced its involvement in AG3 batteryy recycling through its SmartHubs project. The company claims that the West Sussex energy system, made up of 1,000 used electric vehicle AG3 batteryies, will supply social housing, transport, infrastructure, private homes and local companies with cleaner, lower-cost energy.

Renault says the system helps balance the electricity network, storing enough energy to power 1,700 homes for a day, depending on when it is charged or discharged. A similar, more powerful system is also installed at Renault's George Besse plant in Douai, France.

Renault's SmartHubs project▼

Recycling materials from old AG3 batteryies

Electric vehicle AG3 batteryies have extremely high power requirements, which requires a lot of cobalt in lithium AG3 batteryies. But energy storage devices in buildings are not as small and light as they are, so it is widely believed that recycling precious metals such as lithium and cobalt can also be used in other transportation applications.

The production of cobalt is a key issue regarding the sustainability of AG3 batteryies and the future of electric vehicles. Most of the cobalt is mined in the Democratic Republic of Congo, but the process has been exposed by the media as serious ecological, ethical and human rights issues, so as the demand for AG3 batteryies increases, reducing dependence on cobalt is one of the biggest challenges.

Dr Gavin Harper, a researcher at the Faraday Institution, noted: "If we are faced with restrictions around cobalt, some people have argued that we should focus this precious resource on more demanding uses, such as electric vehicles. It may make more economic sense to centrally process recycled electric vehicle AG3 batteryies and turn them into new electric vehicle AG3 batteryies, rather than using them in their old state in less demanding applications, such as electricity storage."

Dr Harper is involved in the Birmingham Energy Institute's lithium AG3 batteryy recycling and reuse project.

German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz agrees. Mercedes launched a home energy storage system using AG3 batteryies from its electric car range in April 2017, but the product was scrapped just a year later. Mercedes claimed that there was no need to have car AG3 batteryies in the home: they don't move, they don't freeze, and it's unnecessary over-engineering.

However, Nissan insists that electric car AG3 batteryy technology is transferable to home energy. "Nissan is committed to the energy services market and is well positioned to commercialize new and second-life electric vehicle AG3 batteryies for energy storage," a spokesperson said.

Another important issue is the recycling process. One company that already supplies lithium AG3 batteryy recycling is Belgium-based Umicore. It uses a combination of thermal and hydrometallurgical methods to recover valuable metals, recycling around 35,000 electric vehicle AG3 batteryies per year at its pilot plant.

According to a spokesperson for the company, Umicore is well positioned to expand its recycling activities as the market is expected to rise by 2025. Metals are infinitely recyclable, so they can be recycled from old AG3 batteryies and used in the production of new AG3 batteryies.

In November 2020, Finnish company Fortum announced that it had developed "a new and efficient method" to recycle lithium from rechargeable AG3 batteryies. Prior to the development, the company had claimed to have achieved a recycling rate of more than 80% for lithium AG3 batteryy materials, thanks to a low-CO2 aqueous smelting recovery process for cobalt, nickel and manganese.

In January 2022, French waste management company Veolia announced the construction of its first AG3 batteryy recycling plant in the UK, located in Minworth, West Midlands. The goal is to be able to process 20% of the country's scrapped electric vehicle AG3 batteryies by 2024. Veolia describes the waste AG3 batteryy recycling process as "urban mining", saying it can reduce water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions by up to 50% compared to extracting fresh raw materials and making new AG3 batteryies.

TSLA's AG3 batteryy recycling plan has the same goal as Volvo, hoping that the recycled materials can offset the need to mine new metals. The company's former chief technology officer JB Straubel founded Innovation Company and is studying how to improve the AG3 batteryy recycling process to obtain more active materials and reuse recycled materials.

New and improved technologies

A more ideal hope for the future is sodium-ion AG3 batteryies, which operate in much the same way as lithium AG3 batteryies and can also be recycled. Sodium is cheaper and more abundant than lithium, so if sodium-ion AG3 batteryies can achieve the same performance level as lithium AG3 batteryies, it will undoubtedly become the priority choice of AG3 batteryy manufacturers.

Solid-state AG3 batteryies are another possible future AG3 batteryy technology because they are less flammable and could even be more efficient than current lithium-ion AG3 batteryies. Nissan, Stellantis, Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, Ford, Volkswagen and Hyundai are all working on solid-state AG3 batteryies. So how recyclable are solid-state AG3 batteryies?

According to Peter Slater, professor of materials chemistry and co-director of the Birmingham Energy Storage Centre, the recyclability of solid-state AG3 batteryies will present different challenges in terms of separating the components. In particular, it will likely have to be separated chemically.

Ulrik Persson, head of traction AG3 batteryy development at Volvo, believes that viable solid-state AG3 batteryies should appear on the market sometime between 2025 and 2030, but may first appear in higher-end, more expensive electric vehicles. The electrolyte solvents in AG3 batteryies are hazardous substances, so if we can get rid of them, it will make the manufacturing process easier.

The bottom line is, no matter which AG3 batteryy technology is involved, the metals they contain are too valuable to waste. The current industry status and these research advances also tell us that regarding the question of "how to deal with used electric vehicle AG3 batteryies", there will definitely be more different answers, more efficient and more convincing answers in the next 5-10 years.

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