China's first floating photovoltaic power station was built in Yunnan.
Compared with Japan, the United Kingdom, South Korea and other countries, which
have already established floating photovoltaic power stations, my country
started later. Currently, Japan maintains the record for the largest output of
floating power stations. However, with the development of the industry and the
advancement of technology, I believe that more and more domestic companies will
begin to get involved in the development and utilization of floating
photovoltaic power generation systems.
The 1.7 MW and 1.2 MW large-scale floating photovoltaic power stations in
Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, jointly invested and constructed by Kyocera Corporation
and Tokyo Seishiri Leasing Co., Ltd. were put into operation at the end of March
2015; there is also a storage tank in Kishiwada City, Osaka Prefecture. DREAM
Solar Float No. 1, a photovoltaic power station with a power of approximately
1.044 MW, started construction on April 14 and started selling full power to
Kansai Electric Power Company in October this year. Previously, there were
precedents for floating solar power plants in the United Kingdom and the United
States. However, there is no information about floating photovoltaic power
plants on the water surface in China.
Advantages of Kyocera's large-scale floating photovoltaic power plant
1. The floating platform is a hollow structure, which facilitates the
passage of wires and reduces infrastructure and land costs caused by cable
trenches in ground photovoltaic power stations;
2. The floating photovoltaic power station on the water surface is
integrated, which facilitates the installation and operation of the solar
tracking system, and reduces the cost of the ground photovoltaic power station
due to the need to install a dual-axis tracking system for each panel;
3. Photovoltaic panels float on the water surface relying on floating
structures. Due to the cooling effect of water, water surface photovoltaic power
stations can obtain more power generation than large ground power stations and
rooftop distributed photovoltaic power stations;
4. Floating photovoltaic power stations on the water surface can shield a
large amount of water bodies and reduce the evaporation of reservoir water. At
the same time, due to the blocking of sunlight, a larger projection surface is
formed, which inhibits the growth of algae to a certain extent and is conducive
to the prevention and control of water pollution. However, it does not Will
affect the breeding industry;
5. The floating frame is 100% recyclable, and the high-density polyethylene
used is anti-ultraviolet and anti-corrosion;
6. The water surface power station is attached to the water body. When a
typhoon comes, it can float with the water body to avoid damage and resist the
invasion of the typhoon;
7. Floating photovoltaic power stations rely on the surface of the water
body to reduce the occupation of cultivated land, woodland, grassland and other
land;
8. It can be assembled by the shore, and water transportation and
installation are convenient;
9. The water surface photovoltaic power station is in a water environment,
which eliminates the adsorption of solids such as dust and realizes true
cleaning-free, reducing the cost and power loss caused by photovoltaic panel
cleaning.
Project cost of floating photovoltaic power station on water surface
Take the photovoltaic power station on the storage tank in Kishiwada City
as an example. The storage tank area is about 20,000 square meters, of which
4,016 solar panels will be laid on 10,000 square meters. The power generation
scale is 1.044 MW, and the investment is about 500 million days. yuan, which is
converted into RMB approximately 25.8 million yuan, and the average cost per
kilowatt is 24,700 yuan, which is up to three times higher than China’s current
average cost per kilowatt of ground photovoltaic power stations of 8,000 yuan.
However, due to the large differences in land resource use prices, labor costs,
etc. between China and Japan, this comparison is for reference only.
The domestic cost unit price of high-density polyethylene is 6,500
yuan/ton. The domestic cost unit price of Zn-plated steel brackets used in
ground photovoltaic power stations is 3,400 yuan/ton. The price of
corrosion-resistant polyethylene materials is higher, but considering that the
density of high-density polyethylene is 0.965*103 kg/cubic meter. The density of
steel is 7.85*103 kg/cubic meter, which is about 8 times the density of
high-density polyethylene. Therefore, if only the volume factor is considered,
the weight of polyethylene used is 1/1 of the weight of steel. 8. Considering
the unit price, the total cost of using polyethylene as the floating platform is
about 1/4 of the cost of using steel brackets.
The "National Land Classification (Trial)" implemented on January 1, 2002
stipulates that land nationwide is divided into three major categories, namely
agricultural land, construction land, and unused land. According to the "Interim
Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Farmland Occupation Tax",
taxation provisions are made for agricultural land and construction land, but do
not involve taxation of unused land.
There are 4,500 solar panels floating on 12,400 square meters of water, and
the reservoir with a water surface area of 30,000 square meters and the abundant
water sources in its surrounding rivers also have a good cooling effect.
In summary, the hardware components of a water surface photovoltaic power
station are mainly photovoltaic panels (the cost accounts for 45% of the ground
photovoltaic power station), combiner boxes (the cost accounts for 1% of the
ground photovoltaic power station), and inverter equipment (the cost accounts
for 6% of the ground photovoltaic power station) ), transformers (the cost
accounts for 2.3% of the ground photovoltaic power station), collector lines
(the cost accounts for 2.5% of the ground photovoltaic power station),
polyethylene floating structures, etc. Under the same circumstances, the price
of photovoltaic panels, inverters, etc. is fixed. The cost of using polyethylene
floating structures is about 1/4 of the cost of steel brackets (the cost of
steel brackets accounts for about 5%-6% of the total cost of ground photovoltaic
power stations). Tax-free water surface It is much smaller than the taxed ground
cost (the land cost accounts for about 3% of the ground photovoltaic power
station).
Therefore, the overall cost of water surface photovoltaic power plants is
lower than that of ground photovoltaic power plants. Installation, labor and
other costs are due to the fact that there is currently no precedent for a water
surface photovoltaic power station in China. In addition, infrastructure costs
such as a large amount of earthworks and traffic engineering for ground power
stations are often very high. In short, the author estimates that the cost of a
water surface floating photovoltaic power station will definitely be lower than
Ground photovoltaic power station.
Advantages of developing floating photovoltaic power plants on water
surface in China
In 2014, the cumulative installed capacity of photovoltaic power generation
in mainland China was 28.05 million kilowatts, and the cumulative power
generation was 25 billion kilowatt hours. Among them, there are 23.38 million
kilowatts of photovoltaic power stations, 4.67 million kilowatts of distributed
ones, and 10.6 million kilowatts of newly installed capacity, accounting for
about one-fifth of the world's newly installed capacity. It has achieved the
goals set out in the "Several Opinions of the State Council on Promoting the
Healthy Development of the Photovoltaic Industry" The average annual growth
target is 10 million kilowatts. The newly installed capacity in the central and
eastern regions reached 5.6 million kilowatts, accounting for 53% of the
country's total. Among them, Jiangsu Province added 1.52 million kilowatts,
second only to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region; Hebei Province added
970,000 kilowatts, ranking first in the country; among the western provinces,
Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia are all larger.
The new grid-connected power stations are mainly driven by large-scale
photovoltaic power stations. In the future, with the continuous innovation of
photovoltaic power generation application models, the distributed scale is
expected to grow steadily. According to the plan of the National Energy
Administration, the national photovoltaic annual plan for 2015 is to add 15 GW
of grid-connected scale, including 8 GW of centralized power stations and 7 GW
of distributed power stations (of which rooftop distributed power plants are not
less than 3.15 GW). Beijing is particularly , Tianjin, Shanghai, Chongqing and
Tibet, there is no upper limit on development scale on the premise that no
abandonment occurs.
1. China has a lot of people but little land. The development of water
surface photovoltaic power stations can save land. One of the disadvantages of
photovoltaic power plants is that their energy is dispersed and they occupy a
large area. Photovoltaic power stations occupy permanent land, and large ground
photovoltaic power stations need to occupy a larger land area. According to the
book "Construction Design and Maintenance of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation
Systems", in theory, every 10 kilowatt photovoltaic power generation system
occupies an area of 100 square meters, which is equivalent to a unit KW covers
an area of 10 square meters. However, in order to reduce the shadow effect and
reduce the loss of power generation, a certain distance needs to exist between
the battery panels, thus further increasing the floor space. The entire
photovoltaic power station covers an average area of 20-30 square meters per
kilowatt.
2. Evaporation is greater than rainfall in northern China. The development
of water surface photovoltaic power stations can reduce water surface
evaporation. In the past 40 years, both precipitation and evaporation have been
decreasing in my country's arid and semi-arid areas, but the decrease in
precipitation is faster than evaporation. The imbalance of water balance has
caused the climate to become increasingly dry. Surface photovoltaic power
stations can reduce water evaporation by covering a large amount of water
surface.
3. China has a 32,000-kilometer-long coastline, which has great terrain
advantages for developing water surface photovoltaic power plants. China has
nearly 3 million square kilometers of sea area, and its coastline is divided
into continental coastline and island coastline, of which the mainland coastline
is 18,000 kilometers. Its starting point in the north is the mouth of the Yalu
River and its southern end point is the mouth of the Beilun River. The
development of water surface photovoltaic power stations along the line will not
only have low operational difficulty, but also provide comprehensive power
support for the economically developed areas along the line.
4. China has 86,000 reservoirs (as of the end of 2012), with a total
storage capacity of 6,924*108 cubic meters. The total water surface area of the
country's reservoirs is 25,619,000 hectares, or 38,429,000 acres (as of October
31, 1996). It has large-scale water surface development Prerequisites for
photovoltaic power plants. The reservoir surface is mainly used for water
storage, power generation, irrigation, breeding, scenic tourism and ecological
protection. More than 90% of the existing reservoir water surface can be used
for breeding, but the actual breeding area only accounts for 78% of the total
available area, and the output per unit area is generally low, but the water
surface photovoltaic power station will not affect the development of the
breeding industry.
5. China has many lakes, with a total area of 91,000 km2, and more than
2,700 lakes with an area of more than 1,000 square meters. There are sufficient
conditions for the development of water surface photovoltaic power stations.
6. The water surface photovoltaic power station is very friendly to the
environment. Equipment such as floating structures can be 100% recycled, and the
solar power generation efficiency is high.
To sum up, China should vigorously develop water surface photovoltaic power
stations to improve economic benefits while maintaining healthy and harmonious
development of the environment.
Issues that our country must consider if we carry out research and
development in this field
1. As an important support platform for water surface photovoltaic power
stations, floating structures are an important link that determines whether the
entire photovoltaic power station can operate normally and generate electricity.
At present, the full life cycle of photovoltaic power plants is 25 years, and
the floating frame must have good corrosion resistance, low density, frost heave
resistance, wind and wave resistance, etc. to match this.
The large-scale floating photovoltaic power station in Hyogo Prefecture,
Japan, uses high-density polyethylene as the floating frame. Polyethylene is
odorless, non-toxic, has excellent low-temperature resistance, and can withstand
most acid and alkali erosion. It is insoluble in general solvents at room
temperature, has low water absorption, excellent electrical insulation and good
impact resistance. However, nitric acid and sulfuric acid have a strong
destructive effect on polyethylene. They are easy to burn and continue to burn
after leaving the fire. They are prone to photo-oxidation, thermal oxidation,
ozone decomposition, and degradation under the action of ultraviolet rays.
Therefore, you can try profiles that are more resistant to photooxidation,
thermal oxidation, and ultraviolet rays than polyethylene, or you can enhance
the above-mentioned defensive properties by coating the exterior of the profiles
to make the floating frame more durable and have a longer service life.
China is the country with the richest bamboo resources, the largest bamboo
forest area and the largest bamboo production in the world. It is known as the
Kingdom of Bamboo. There are about 3.3 million bamboo forests in the country,
accounting for more than 30% of the world's total, and bamboo production
accounts for about 1/3 of the world's total production. This is something that
Japan, which builds floating photovoltaic power plants on the water, does not
have. In today's pursuit of green and low carbon, bamboo is not only low-cost
(roughly processed bamboo costs 1,000 yuan/ton, the price is about 1/6 of
polyethylene) and low energy consumption, but the bamboo rafts made of it have
shallow draft and high buoyancy. Features. However, the average service life of
untreated bamboo rafts is only 2 or 3 years. If bamboo products are treated to
make them more corrosion-resistant in water, the cost of water surface
photovoltaic power stations will be greatly reduced.
2. Appropriate site selection is the key to ensuring the success of the
test. The test can be considered to be conducted in lakes and reservoirs in the
calm wind zone of the continent. For example, the Jinsha River has the
characteristics of abundant and stable runoff, low wind speed, good lighting
conditions, and good development conditions.
3. The water surface photovoltaic power station can not only achieve
grid-connected production capacity, but also serve as a distributed energy
storage photovoltaic power station to provide power support for water surface
aquaculture, scenic tourism, ecology, etc. As a distributed off-grid energy
storage power station, the selection of energy storage equipment is key, and it
is particularly important to choose lower-cost and higher-performance
batteries.
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