The Chinese government has officially issued 5G commercial licenses,
becoming the fifth country to launch 5G services. China has officially entered
the 5G era. Compared with previous mobile communication technologies, the core
change of 5G is that the transmission rate will be greatly increased. In some
key technical indicators, such as user experience rate, latency, connection
density, etc., 5G is more than 10 times better than 4G.
The current three major application scenarios of 5G mainly include:
enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive IoT communications (mMTC) and
ultra-reliable low-latency communications (uRLLC).
Looking at the development process from 1G to 4G, ten years is basically a
system-level iteration cycle. Chinese players are generally slow in 1G to 4G and
are gradually catching up.
In line with other major economies in the world, during the critical
generational change period of 3G and 4G, China introduced a series of relevant
policies to support and guide the construction of communication networks of the
three major operators, and also provided a variety of policy support in the
construction of 5G.
South Korea is a pioneer in the development of 5G. On April 5, 2019, local
communication operators officially launched B2C 5G commercial services. Although
it currently encounters problems such as network quality and lack of core
applications, it is still a global 5G network. Pioneer of development.
We believe that the pace of issuance of 5G commercial licenses is faster
than expected. On the one hand, it shows that the relevant supporting facilities
of the 5G industry chain are maturing rapidly and has the basis for commercial
use; but on the other hand, more importantly, it also shows the determination of
the Chinese government to develop the 5G industry. .
Although the concept of 5G has become popular in major media in the United
States, overall, the United States is still in the initial stage of 5G
development. Among the four major communication operators in the United States,
only Sprint is currently making a difference in 5G. The biggest problem
currently encountered in the development of 5G networks in the United States is
the lack of mid-band spectrum.
However, thanks to the rapid development of technological levels in recent
years, Chinese technology companies are already ready for 5G. Huawei has begun
5G research in 2009 and has invested a total of US$2 billion in 5G technology
and product research and development. It is the only communications company in
the world that can provide end-to-end 5G commercial solutions.
The most important applications of 5G are industrial and enterprise-level
applications, which are as important as a new industrial revolution. Any
industry can improve efficiency through 5G, and some industries can benefit from
5G technology to derive new application scenarios and businesses. model, which
may introduce new competitors, and the status of the incumbent may be
subverted.
According to the Global Mobile Communications Association (GSMA), the
number of global 5G connections will be 1.4 billion by 2025, of which China will
account for 460 million, surpassing North America and Europe combined, ranking
first in the world. Thanks to the world's largest market of consumers,
industrial and enterprise customers, China's local technology giants such as
Huawei are expected to continue to lead the innovation and development of 5G by
leveraging their R&D investment barriers over the past many years. After
realizing the leap from following to surpassing in the 4G era, China is expected
to continue to lead the world and win opportunities in the 5G era.
What’s different in the 5G era?
On June 6, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China
officially issued a 5G commercial license. China Mobile, China Unicom, China
Telecom and China Radio and Television each obtained an operating license. China
has entered the 5G era and has become the country following South Korea, the
United States, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The fifth country to launch
5G services.
China's issuance of 5G licenses exceeds market expectations in two ways:
first, in terms of time, the market generally expects China to officially issue
5G commercial licenses at the end of the year, about half a year ahead of
schedule; second, in terms of the number of licenses, this time In addition to
the three traditional operators, China Radio and Television also obtained a
license.
5G is the abbreviation of "fifth generation mobile communication
technology", and the complete standard is expected to be completed in 2020. The
ITU (International Telecommunications Union) stipulates eight key technical
indicators for 5G, indicating that 5G no longer pursues a single goal, but
considers different services and application scenarios.
5G standards are divided into LTE, LTE-U and NB-IoT. LTE is an authorized
channel and a monopoly resource, mainly promoted by telecom operators. LTE-U is
an unlicensed channel with a transmission distance of 300 to 500 meters. It is
mainly used in the three fields of industry, science, and medical care. NB-IoT
is an authorized channel, the transmission distance can reach 10km, and each
base station can connect 200,000 terminals.
What exactly is different in the 5G era? Compared with previous mobile
communication technologies, the core change of 5G is that the transmission rate
will be greatly increased. In some key technical indicators, such as user
experience rate, latency, link density, etc., 5G is more than 10 times better
than 4G.
Therefore, the first application scenario of 5G is enhanced mobile
broadband (eMBB). In this regard, 5G is an upgrade to 4G mobile broadband
scenarios, meeting the needs for continuous wide-area coverage (such as
large-scale event scenarios such as offices, industrial areas, shopping malls,
etc.) and high-capacity hot spots (such as densely populated areas). The key
performance indicators of eMBB include 100Mbps user experience rate (up to 1Gbps
in hotspot scenarios), peak rate of tens of Gbps, traffic density of tens of
Tbps per square kilometer, mobility of more than 500km per hour, etc.,
supporting ultra-high-definition video, virtual reality (VR)/augmented reality
(AR), high-speed mobile Internet and other high-traffic mobile broadband
applications.
In addition to the "enhanced mobile broadband" scenario, 5G will also have
two major application scenarios: mNTC massive IoT and uRLLC high reliability and
low latency. One focuses on the breadth of the link, and the other focuses on
the accuracy of the link.
Massive Internet of Things Communication (mMTC) refers to the fact that 5G
can help more transmission devices access the network, mainly for Internet of
Things (IOT) scenarios, such as smart cities, smart homes, industrial Internet
of Things, etc. IOT will bring an explosion of mobile communication sensors, and
the number of connections will jump from billions to hundreds of billions,
requiring the bearer network to have multiple connection channels,
high-precision clock synchronization, low cost, low power consumption, easy
deployment and operation and maintenance, etc. Support capabilities.
Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (uRLLC) refers to the fact that 5G
can greatly improve the accuracy of transmission. It is mainly targeted at
vertical industries, such as autonomous driving, industrial automation,
telemedicine and other services that are extremely sensitive to reliability and
low latency. Real-time monitoring of autonomous driving requires
millisecond-level latency, while automotive production and manufacturing has a
latency requirement of ten milliseconds, with availability requirements close to
100%.
In order to meet the needs of these three major application scenarios for
speed, breadth and accuracy, and to achieve improvements in eight main
indicators such as speed, traffic density, number of connections, delay and
reliability, 5G has developed a series of brand-new technologies. 5G
technological innovation can be mainly divided into two aspects: wireless
technology and network technology. In the field of wireless technology,
technologies such as large-scale antenna arrays, ultra-dense networking,
wireless air interface technology, new multi-access and full-spectrum access
have become the focus of the industry; in the field of network technology, edge
computing, software-defined networking (SDN) and other technologies have become
the focus of the industry. ) and network functions virtualization (NFV) and
other new network architectures have achieved broad consensus.
The ITU established the "International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)
Project for 2020 and Beyond" in 2012 and determined "IMT-2020" as the legal name
of 5G in 2015. The global mobile communications standardization organization
3GPP also started the formulation of 5G standards in 2015 and began pre-research
on 5G standards in 2016; Release 15, a mobile communications protocol including
5G, was released in 2018.
1G to 4G: Technology drives major changes in the industry
From the perspective of the development history of mobile communication
technology from 1G to 4G, ten years is basically a system-level iteration cycle.
5G mobile communication technology has shown a greater degree of upgrading in
terms of transmission rate, reliability and shortened latency. Judging from
historical experience, innovations in communication technology are often
accompanied by changes in market discourse power. Generally speaking, the
overall pace of Chinese players in 1G~4G is slow, but they are gradually
catching up.
It is worth noting that the construction of mobile communication technology
reflects the will of the country to a considerable extent. Since mobile
communication networks are infrastructure and have obvious scale effects,
initial capital expenditures are huge and often require national policy support
to provide solid backing for operators to build large-scale networks. Judging
from China's experience, during the critical generational transition period
between 3G and 4G, the country issued a series of relevant policies to support
and guide the construction of communication networks for the three major
operators.
1G era: The United States leads the way, but domestic popularity is late.
The first mobile communication system was born in Chicago, USA. It used analog
signal transmission. Due to the limitation of transmission bandwidth, mobile
communication could not realize long-distance roaming. Therefore, each country
formulated its own communication standards and there was no global unified
standard. The United States is dominated by the AMPS system developed by
AT&T, and other countries and regions also have their own applicable
systems, such as NMT, TACS, etc. China was almost completely backward in the 1G
era. The mobile communications industry was still blank in the early 1980s, and
cellular mobile communications systems were only launched in the late 1980s.
2G era: Europe leads the way, but China only built it in the 1990s. Europe
was the first to launch research on GSM communication standards in the 2G era,
invested heavily in GSM communication networks, and established international
roaming standards, thus standing out. Europe's GSM has become the most widely
used mobile communication standard in the world. Other standards include TDMA. ,
CDMA, etc. The biggest difference between 2G and 1G is the transition from
analog modulation to digital modulation. With the addition of data transmission
services, the sound quality is better, and the confidentiality is also greatly
improved compared to 1G. Since the 2G era, mobile phones have been able to
access the Internet.
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