Whether it is new energy vehicles or energy storage equipment, one of the
most important key components is the battery. One of the challenges in the
battery industry in recent years is to increase energy density and pursue safer
methods, whether it is trying new positive and negative electrodes. materials;
or increasing the proportion of nickel in nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) ternary
batteries; there are also people working on developing technologies that are
different from traditional lithium batteries, such as hydrogen energy vehicles
using hydrogen fuel cells. Solid-State Battery is regarded as the next
generation of battery technology. What is a solid-state battery? What kind of
technology is an all-solid-state battery? In layman's terms, an all-solid-state
battery is a battery with no gas or liquid inside, and all materials exist in
solid form. Considering that the most common battery in people's daily life is
lithium-ion battery, we will default to "all-solid-state lithium-ion battery" as
the representative of all-solid-state battery (ignore all-solid-state
lithium-sulfur and other new batteries for the time being). Generally speaking,
lithium-ion batteries are mainly composed of positive electrodes, negative
electrodes, separators, electrolytes, structural shells and other parts. The
electrolyte allows current to be conducted in the form of ions inside the
battery. Electrolyte technology is one of the core technologies of lithium
batteries and is also a highly profitable component of the current battery
industry. Schematic diagram of the structure of a lithium-ion battery. Li+
(lithium ions) are in the internal circuit and are conducted through the
electrolyte. However, some lithium batteries will bulge after being used for a
long time, and in more extreme and small-probability events, some may even be
dangerous. (For example, the recent battery explosion of the twist car caused
related manufacturing companies and battery companies to encounter comprehensive
difficulties). In addition, generally speaking, the operating temperature range
of current lithium-ion batteries is limited. At high temperatures above 40
degrees, the life will be shortened sharply, and the safety performance will
also have big problems (so Tesla MODELS will have a strict battery temperature
range. control system, that’s why). In fact, the safety issues mentioned above
are directly related to the electrolyte of the organic system used in our
current batteries. In order to solve battery safety problems and increase energy
density, the scientific research community and industry are currently developing
and producing all-solid-state batteries, which means replacing the separators
and electrolytes of traditional lithium-ion batteries with solid electrolyte
materials. So let's talk about it, compared to the most common ordinary
lithium-ion batteries in our lives, what are the main advantages of
all-solid-state batteries? One of the advantages of solid-state batteries: thin
- small size. In fact, the volumetric energy density is Battery is a very
important parameter. In terms of application fields, the requirements from high
to low are consumer electronics > household electric vehicles > electric
buses. In layman's terms, the volumetric energy density is high, so batteries of
the same mass can be made smaller. The available space in electronic products is
often very limited. Nearly 1/3 of the volume and mass of many products (such as
mobile phones and tablets) has been occupied by batteries. Moreover, the
majority of manufacturers and consumers hope to further increase the battery
capacity (increase the battery capacity). Under the requirements of battery
life) and compressed volume (portable, beautiful and easy to design), lithium
cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries with high compactness and the highest volume energy
density are still the mainstream products. In traditional lithium-ion batteries,
separators and electrolytes are required, which together account for nearly 40%
of the battery's volume and 25% of its mass. And if they are replaced with solid
electrolytes (mainly organic and inorganic ceramic material systems), the
distance between the positive and negative electrodes (traditionally filled with
separator electrolyte, now filled with solid electrolyte) can be shortened to
even just a few to More than ten microns, the thickness of the battery can be
greatly reduced - therefore all-solid-state battery technology is the only way
to miniaturize and thin the battery. Not only that, many all-solid-state
batteries prepared by physical/chemical vapor deposition (PVD/CVD) may have an
overall thickness of only a few dozen microns, so they can be made into very
small power devices and integrated into MEMS (microelectromechanical systems).
in the field. The ability to make very small batteries is also a major feature
of all-solid-state battery technology, which can facilitate the battery to adapt
to the application of various new small-sized smart electronic devices, which is
difficult to achieve with traditional lithium-ion battery technology. of. (The
(a) volume proportion and (b) mass proportion of each component of the current
lithium-ion battery) A key obstacle to the practical use of many nanomaterials
is their large specific surface area and too low volume density. As a result, if
they are made based on these materials, Finished products often occupy too large
a volume under the same mass, that is, the volumetric energy density is low,
completely unable to meet the requirements of general industrial products.
Therefore, current scientific research on nanometer (battery) materials often
chooses not to report parameters in this area. The reason is not difficult to
understand. Advantage 2: The prospect of flexibility. All-solid-state batteries
can be further optimized and turned into flexible batteries, thereby bringing
more functions and experiences. In fact, even brittle ceramic materials can
often be bent when the thickness is reduced to less than a millimeter, and the
material becomes flexible. Correspondingly, the flexibility of all-solid-state
batteries will also be significantly improved after being thinned and light. By
using appropriate packaging materials (not steel shells), the manufactured
batteries can withstand hundreds to thousands of bends and ensure There is
basically no degradation in performance. In fact, flexible electronic devices
represented by various wearable devices are an important direction for the
development of next-generation electronic products, and this requires that the
components in the products also need to be flexible. Therefore, flexible
all-solid-state batteries are an important topic in scientific research and
industry. , a very promising star of tomorrow. (Typical laminated structure
flexible all-solid-state battery prepared by KAIST, South Korea) Not only that,
the potential of functionalized all-solid-state batteries is far more than the
above flexible batteries. After the battery material structure is optimized, it
can be made into a transparent battery, or the stretching range can be up to
300% stretchable batteries, or integrated power generation-storage devices that
can be integrated with photovoltaic devices, etc. - all-solid-state batteries
have many functional innovative application prospects. In this regard,
researchers and engineers Our imagination will bring us more and more surprises.
(Schematic diagram of the structure of an all-solid-state battery with a tensile
deformation degree of up to 300%) (Schematic diagram of a fiber-shaped device
integrating solar cells and supercapacitors) Advantage three: safer As an energy
storage device, in fact all batteries are thermodynamically essentially None can
be absolutely safe. However, there are many factors that determine the true
safety of a battery in its actual application. The influencing factors include
the characteristics of the electrode material of the battery, the properties of
the electrolyte, and the battery management system in electronic products. At
present, the safety of generally commercial lithium ions is the focus of
everyone's concern. Here, using "not ideal" to evaluate the safety of current
batteries should be a more appropriate evaluation. Advantage 4: Light - high
energy density. After using all-solid-state electrolytes, the applicable
material system of lithium-ion batteries will also change. The core point is
that it is not necessary to use lithium-embedded graphite negative electrodes,
but to directly use metallic lithium. Making the negative electrode can
significantly reduce the amount of negative electrode material and significantly
increase the energy density of the entire battery. In addition, many new
high-performance electrode materials may not have good compatibility with
existing electrolyte systems before, but this problem can be alleviated to a
certain extent after using all-solid electrolytes. Taking the above two factors
into consideration, the energy density of all-solid-state batteries can be
greatly improved compared to ordinary lithium-ion batteries: many laboratories
can now produce small-scale batch trials with energy densities of 300-400Wh. /kg
all-solid-state battery (generally lithium-ion batteries are 100-220Wh/kg).
Judging from the energy density data, perhaps all-solid-state batteries really
have hope to upgrade our lives from "one charge a day" to "one charge every two
days." Technical routes of solid-state batteries There are different technical
routes in the field of solid-state batteries. Solid electrolytes can be roughly
divided into three categories: inorganic electrolytes, solid polymer
electrolytes (SPE, Solid Polymer Electrolyte), and composite electrolytes. The
materials currently being researched by many industries include solid polymers,
sulfides, oxides, thin films, etc. For example, the solid-state battery
factories Sakti3 and Infinite Power Solutions acquired by Dyson and Apple
respectively are mainly based on thin films, but the manufacturing process is
complicated and mass production is difficult. Previously, there were rumors in
the market that Dyson and Apple intend to give up, so the current development
situation is not clear. , while Toyota, Panasonic, Samsung, BMW, and CATL have
invested in sulfide electrolytes, while Huineng and Sony have focused on oxides.
Apple has been actively developing patents for solid-state batteries and
charging technology since 2012, and acquired Infinite Power Solutions in 2013.
In the past two or three years, news about automobile factories deploying
solid-state batteries has come to the fore. For example, Toyota announced that
it will sell electric vehicles equipped with solid-state batteries in 2022. In
addition, Volkswagen invested in QuantumScape, a solid-state battery startup
co-founded by MIT Technology Review TR35 young entrepreneur Jagdeep Singh. In
June last year, it increased its investment and became a director of
QuantumScape. It is expected to establish a solid-state lithium battery company
in 2025. Battery production line. Japan, a big battery country in the past, has
shifted its research focus to solid-state batteries after gradually abandoning
lithium batteries. The Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan
New Energy Industry Technology Development Organization (NEDO) are actively
promoting these developments. These developments have caused the outside world
to start Pay attention to this technology. Players investing in solid-state
batteries (Photo source: Yole Développement) Solid-state battery companies that
the market is paying attention to: A look at the technical bottlenecks of
solid-state batteries. Currently, many battery and automobile manufacturers,
including South Korea's Samsung, Japan's Toyota, and my country's CATL, have
increased their investment in solid-state batteries. With investment in R&D,
some batteries have entered the vehicle testing stage. Although the prospects
are promising, the road to developing solid-state batteries is by no means
smooth sailing due to various technical and process problems. First, there is a
lack of efficient electrolyte material systems. At present, solid-state battery
materials are developing rapidly, but comprehensive applications are lacking. As
the core material of solid-state batteries, there has been a breakthrough in the
single indicator of solid lithium-ion conductors, but the comprehensive
performance cannot yet meet the needs of large-scale energy storage. The
solid-state electrolytes used in today's solid-state batteries generally have
performance shortcomings, and there is still a big gap between the requirements
of high-performance lithium-ion battery systems. 1. The interface treatment
between solid electrolyte and electrode is also a major problem currently faced
by solid-state batteries. In solid electrolytes, the transmission impedance of
lithium ions is very large, and the contact area of the rigid interface with the
electrode is small. Changes in the volume of the electrolyte during the charge
and discharge process can easily destroy the stability of the interface. 2. In
solid-state lithium batteries, in addition to the interface between the
electrolyte and the electrode, there are also complex multi-level interfaces
inside the electrode. Factors such as electrochemistry and deformation will
cause contact failure and affect battery performance. Thirdly, unsatisfactory
stability during long-term use is also a bottleneck in the development of
long-life energy storage solid-state batteries. The structure and interface of
solid-state batteries will degrade over time during service. However, the impact
of degradation on the overall performance of the battery is still unclear,
making it difficult to achieve long-term application. Therefore, to build
high-performance solid-state batteries, we need to start from two aspects. One
is to build a high-performance solid-state electrolyte, and the other is to
improve the compatibility and stability of the interface. In a sense, the
evolution of cars is the evolution of batteries. In terms of origin, electric
vehicles have a history of more than 180 years, and their emergence is about the
same as that of fuel vehicles. However, neither lead-acid batteries nor
nickel-metal hydride batteries have made a breakthrough in the status of
electric vehicles. It was not until the upgrade of lithium iron phosphate
batteries and ternary lithium batteries that some consumers gradually accepted
electric vehicles. If solid-state batteries become commercially available,
electric vehicles will accelerate the pace of replacing internal combustion
locomotives. Whoever masters this technology first will have a greater say in
the future competitive landscape.
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