Recently, whether my country's polysilicon production capacity is
overcapacity has triggered widespread debate. The reporter's investigation found
that it is an indisputable fact that the core technologies of the photovoltaic
industry, including polysilicon, are missing and the equipment is seriously
dependent on imported equipment. my country's photovoltaic industry has not yet
established a comprehensive R&D and innovation system, and at the same time
lacks the support of some high-tech manufacturing industries. Therefore, my
country's key solar cell production equipment basically relies on imports, and
most of my country's photovoltaic companies are still "OEM workshops." If this
situation is allowed to continue, the solar energy industry will continue to
follow the old path of being a mere "manufacturing power" without technological
innovation, which needs urgent attention.
Imported equipment products dominate the photovoltaic industry chain
The silicon material is purified using the German modified Siemens method,
and the polycrystalline furnace for silicon wafer production is American
equipment. There are seven processes for producing silicon wafer cells, five of
which require imported equipment... The reporter has recently had extensive
contact with companies in the photovoltaic industry chain during research, and
many of them When companies claim to have sophisticated equipment and advanced
technology, they all proudly say: "Our equipment is all imported." Insightful
people say this is not pride, but shame. This exposes the plight of the lack of
core technologies in my country's photovoltaic industry, especially equipment
manufacturing technology.
Jiangxi Shengyang Electric Technology Co., Ltd., located in Xinyu City,
Jiangxi Province, is a Taiwan-funded enterprise that produces polycrystalline
silicon solar cells. Its 800-acre factory is close to LDK, the world's largest
silicon wafer manufacturer. It plans to have a solar cell production capacity of
1,000 megawatts in five years. . However, since the start of construction in
2008, the company has only built two production lines, and the current
production capacity is only 80 MW to 100 MW. Peng Jinlong, the company's general
manager, said that although the supply of batteries produced by the company
currently exceeds demand, other production lines have been delayed due to
equipment constraints. He said that the cleaning, flocking, printing and other
equipment required for the production of solar cells are either not available in
China or are of poor quality. When buying abroad, it takes at least 6 months
from advance deposit to delivery.
“With 500,000 yuan per ton of iron, a lot of fertilizer and water will flow
out of the country.” Zheng Jiazhen, general manager of Jiangxi Saiwei Best Solar
High-tech Co., Ltd., which has just been put into operation, is even more sad
about the backwardness of my country’s photovoltaic industry equipment
manufacturing industry. Best is committed to the R&D and manufacturing of
silicon thin film solar panels. This is a photovoltaic technology that deposits
transparent conductive oxide TCO on a glass plate to form a silicon-based
semiconductor layer, and uses it to convert photons in sunlight into current.
Compared with crystalline silicon cells, silicon thin film cells have the
advantages of less process flow, short production cycle, less consumables, low
energy consumption, non-toxic and pollution-free, but the equipment is expensive
and the investment is large. One production line costs more than 100 million US
dollars. Zheng Jiazhen said that most of the company's equipment comes from
Applied Materials in the United States. Among them, the core equipment used to
deposit silicon thin film layers is a dedicated microcrystalline reaction
chamber. It is actually a 300-ton iron machine, but it costs 20 million U.S.
dollars, which works out to 50 One ton of iron costs 10,000 yuan, and one line
requires 4 units. If these equipment can be made locally, a lot of money can be
saved.
In addition to core equipment, the production technology of domestic
photovoltaic supporting products is also very backward. Jiangxi Sinoma Solar New
Materials Co., Ltd. is a company jointly invested and established by China
National Materials Corporation and LDK LDK. Its main business is the production
of quartz ceramic crucibles for polycrystalline silicon ingots and supplies
ingots for LDK LDK silicon wafer production lines. When silicon wafer prices
were at their peak in 2008, importing such crucibles from abroad cost 10,000
yuan per piece. After the financial crisis, the price was 4,000 yuan per piece.
However, its actual cost was less than 2,000 yuan per piece. The corporate
benefits should be good. However, Li Wei, director of the company's office, said
that because the technology is not up to standard and the product qualification
rate is less than 40%, it has been unable to meet the needs of LDK LDK. Sinoma's
performance is unsatisfactory, and LDK LDK has no choice but to import crucibles
from abroad.
"The core technology is outside" is more serious than "the raw material
market is outside"
80% of sales rely on exports, and 90% of raw materials rely on imports.
"Both ends are outside" are two well-known problems in my country's photovoltaic
industry. However, as my country's photovoltaic industry chain continues to
extend, my country's production capacity of high-purity silicon materials has
gradually increased; with the implementation of the national "Golden Sun Plan",
domestic demand will gradually start, and the "two ends outside" is gradually
easing. The fact that almost all technical equipment is imported is like a piece
of ice and has become an urgent problem for my country's photovoltaic industry
that needs to be solved.
Peng Xiaofeng, chairman and CEO of Jiangxi LDK Solar Energy Co., Ltd., the
largest domestic solar silicon wafer manufacturer, said that currently the core
technology of polysilicon is still in the hands of the United States, Germany
and Japan. This situation has not changed. Domestic production can produce pure
There are very few manufacturers of high-end polysilicon products that reach 11
9s. 80% of polysilicon manufacturers are small factories without core
technologies and unable to scale up. This part of the production capacity is
both backward and excessive, which is a major concern for the development of my
country's photovoltaic industry. .
"Whether it is raw materials, pollution, or energy consumption, almost all
problems can be attributed to the lack of core technology." Li Li, deputy
director of the Xinyu Municipal Science and Technology Bureau, said that in
fact, our country has abundant silicon resources, but because our country’s
polysilicon purification technology is not high, companies can only use arc
method and carbon reduction to produce industrial silicon with a purity of only
98%-99%. Then it is sold abroad as industrial raw materials at extremely low
prices, and is purified abroad to more than 99.9999% before being purchased
back. The industrial technology of crude silicon is extremely simple, but it
consumes a lot of power resources and also causes serious environmental
pollution.
Although my country's photovoltaic industry has developed rapidly in recent
years, the products produced by some companies have achieved certain
competitiveness, and their technologies have also made a lot of progress.
However, most of them are still based on the integration and digestion of
foreign technologies and equipment, and there are still few original
technologies. Very few. Zheng Jiazhen said that market competition depends on
the level of price, and the level of price depends on the level of technology.
The current price of high-purity silicon on the market is US$60/kg to US$70/kg.
The production cost of Chinese companies is US$40/kg, but some foreign companies
can already reach US$20/kg. If the market fluctuates again, I don’t know how
many Chinese companies will survive.
Direct industry enthusiasm towards technological research
The new energy industry based on solar energy was once considered an
opportunity for my country to narrow the economic structural gap with developed
countries. However, judging from the current situation, the photovoltaic
industry is likely to become the "backbone" of the world's solar energy
industry, just like the previous manufacturing industry. Manufacturing
factories” have become a transfer site for pollution and energy consumption in
developed countries. At present, society's enthusiasm for investment in the
photovoltaic industry should be directed from the processing and manufacturing
links to technological research to prevent the photovoltaic industry from
falling into a cycle of vicious competition.
Integrate scientific research forces and carry out national research. Zhou
Lang, dean of the School of Materials at Nanchang University, said that the
country can provide more financial investment to the photovoltaic industry in
scientific research project plans such as "973" and "863" and quickly establish
a national photovoltaic R&D system that closely integrates production,
academia and research. He said that my country's Tianjin, Shaanxi and special
industries currently have some foundations in equipment manufacturing and
scientific research in the photovoltaic industry. As long as the country
integrates them, they have great scientific research potential. In this regard,
Shaanxi has carried out active exploration and established a solar photovoltaic
industry alliance and engineering technology research center, focusing on the
research and development and application of cutting-edge foundations of the
solar photovoltaic industry, attracting the development of cutting-edge
international technology centers and well-known domestic and foreign
enterprises.
Guide social capital to invest in the research and development and
manufacturing of photovoltaic equipment. Zhang Guoping, assistant general
manager of Jiangxi Gemei Technology Co., Ltd., which is engaged in the
production of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, said that the current planned
production capacity of polycrystalline silicon already has a tendency of excess,
and the enthusiasm of social capital to be optimistic about the prospects of the
photovoltaic industry should be protected and guided to allow some capital to be
invested in photovoltaics. Go into the R&D and manufacturing of industrial
equipment. At present, a group of backbone photovoltaic companies in Jiangsu
Province have begun to conquer the technical equipment of the photovoltaic
industry. Equipment such as pECVD, plasma etching machines, laser machines and
laminators, and testing of solar cells and components have initially been
domestically produced. However, since these efforts are slow to bear fruit, the
state should allocate funds to subsidize corporate scientific research.
Strengthen international collaborative cooperation and improve through
introduction, integration and digestion. While strengthening independent
innovation, we should also strengthen international collaboration, take
advantage of the opportunity of climate change negotiations, and closely engage
developed countries to increase technology transfer. Enterprises should be
encouraged to go global and acquire foreign equipment manufacturing enterprises
through capital mergers and acquisitions. Xu Yuan, president of Wuxi Suntech
Research Institute, said that in the context of economic globalization,
innovative companies can only seize the commanding heights of emerging
industries by making full use of and integrating capital, technology and talent
resources around the world. Currently, Suntech has established 6 R&D centers
around the world and hired dozens of foreign experts.
The key link in the solar photovoltaic industry is promotion and
application, and the core issue is technological innovation. Experts said that
to prevent the blind expansion of the photovoltaic industry and cause the
domestic economy to miss opportunities for upgrading the industrial structure,
we must start with independent innovation and mastering core technologies to
promote the improvement of local enterprises' innovation capabilities and the
increase in the localization rate of equipment. Photovoltaic production
technology is upgrading rapidly and is developing in the direction of
optimization and automation of the entire industry chain. my country currently
mainly relies on imported production lines, and the current situation of each
industrial chain being special needs to be changed urgently.
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