9v alkaline battery

　　What modules does the 9v alkaline batterymanagement system hardware consist of? Why do circuit short circuits occur frequently?

　　Spontaneous combustion incidents of electric vehicles are not uncommon nowadays as electric vehicles are gradually spreading across urban and rural areas. Why do such dangerous accidents happen so often? Product quality is very important, and car owner use is also critical.

　　Since the power of electric vehicles comes from batteries, the internal circuits of electric vehicles are many and complex. If used improperly and without maintenance, the internal circuit wires are prone to aging problems. During the use of electric vehicles, heat will cause short circuits in the circuits, causing electric vehicle accidents. Spontaneous combustion.

　　How to avoid such dangerous accidents?

　　First of all, when purchasing an electric vehicle, you should choose a brand with a good product reputation, and pay attention to quality always first. The quality of electric vehicle batteries from good manufacturers is relatively reliable. You must know that many electric vehicle accidents are caused by 9v alkaline batteryproblems.

　　Secondly, during use, pay attention to charging the 9v alkaline batteryaccording to the name brand instructions. Electric vehicles are also prone to fire during the charging process. Problems such as excessive power supply voltage, current, or mismatched charger may cause dangerous accidents such as 9v alkaline batteryexplosion.

　　At the same time, you should always pay attention to the maintenance of circuit lines during use to prevent aging of wires from causing accidents such as short circuits and spontaneous combustion.

　　9v alkaline batteryusage common sense:

　　1. When purchasing, you should pay attention to product quality and choose qualified products produced by regular manufacturers;

　　2. Read the nameplate before use, strictly follow the instructions on the nameplate, choose a supporting or matching charger, and charge safely at the rated voltage and current;

　　3. Try to avoid overcharging or undercharging. Using it after the 9v alkaline batteryis charged can extend the service life of the 9v alkaline batteryand reduce the occurrence of unsafe accidents.

　　Electric vehicles are vehicles that are powered in whole or in part by electric motors. At present, there are three main types of pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles. The commonly used power sources for electric vehicles currently come from lead-acid batteries, lithium batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, etc.

　　Lithium batteries have high cell voltage, high specific energy and high energy density, and are currently the batteries with the highest specific energy. However, precisely because of the relatively high energy density of lithium batteries, safety accidents will occur when misuse or abuse occurs. The 9v alkaline batterymanagement system can solve this problem. When the 9v alkaline batteryis under charging overvoltage or discharging undervoltage, the management system can automatically cut off the charge and discharge circuit, and its power balancing function can ensure that the voltage difference of a single 9v alkaline batteryis maintained within a small range. In addition, it also has functions such as over-temperature, over-current, and remaining power estimation. What this article designs is a 9v alkaline batterymanagement system based on a single-chip microcomputer.

　　19v alkaline batterymanagement system hardware composition

　　The hardware circuit of the system can be divided into MCU module, detection module and equalization module.

　　1.1MCU module

　　MCU is the core of system control. The MCU used in this article is the GZ16 model of the M68HC08 series. All MCUs in this series use the enhanced M68HC08 central processing unit (CP08). This microcontroller has the following features:

　　(1) 8MHz internal bus frequency; (2) 16KB built-in FLASH memory; (3) 2 16-bit timer interface modules; (4) Clock generator supporting 1MHz ~ 8MHz crystal oscillator; (5) Enhanced serial communication Interface (ESCI) module.

　　1.2 Detection module

　　In the detection module, the voltage detection, current detection and temperature detection modules will be introduced respectively.

　　1.2.1 Voltage detection module

　　In this system, the microcontroller will detect the overall voltage and single cell voltage of the 9v alkaline batterypack. There are two methods for detecting the overall voltage of the 9v alkaline batterypack: (1) using a dedicated voltage detection module, such as a Hall voltage sensor; (2) using precision resistors to build a resistor voltage dividing circuit. Using a dedicated voltage detection module is more expensive, requires a specific power supply, and the process is complicated. Therefore, a voltage dividing circuit is used for detection. The voltage range of a 10-cell lithium manganate 9v alkaline batterypack is 28V to 42V. Use 3.9M? and 300k? resistors to divide the voltage. The variation range of the collected voltage signal is 2V ~ 3V, and the corresponding AD conversion results are 409 and *.

　　For the detection of single cells, flying capacitor technology is mainly used. The schematic diagram of flying capacitor technology is shown in Figure 1 [2], which is the protection circuit diagram of the last four cells of the 9v alkaline batterypack. The voltage of any one of the last four batteries can be collected into the microcontroller through a four-channel switch array. Outputs the drive signal to control the on and off of the MOS tube, thereby protecting the charging and discharging of the 9v alkaline batterypack.

　　As shown in Figure 1, it is the protection circuit diagram of the last 4 cells of the 9v alkaline batterypack. Through the four-channel switch array, the voltage of any one of the last 4 batteries can be collected into the microcontroller. The microcontroller outputs the drive signal to control the conduction of the MOS tube. On and off, thus protecting the charging and discharging of the 9v alkaline batterypack.

　　The above 6 batteries can be realized using 2 three-channel switch arrays. MAX309 is a 4-select-1, dual-channel multi-channel switch that realizes channel selection through address selection. Switches S5, S6, and S7 are responsible for connecting the positive terminal of the 9v alkaline batteryto the positive terminal of the flying capacitor. Switches S2, S3, and S4 are responsible for connecting the negative terminal of the 9v alkaline batteryto the negative terminal of the flying capacitor. The structure of the three-channel switching array is similar to that of the four-channel switching array, except that the number of channels is one less. When working, the microcontroller sends a channel address signal, connects the positive and negative poles of one of the batteries to the capacitor, charges the capacitor, then turns off the channel switch, turns on the switch that follows the amplifier, and the microcontroller quickly detects the voltage of the capacitor. This completes the voltage detection of 1 battery. If the detection voltage is found to be less than 2.8V, it can be inferred that the 9v alkaline batterymay be short-circuited, over-discharged, or the detection line from the protection system to the 9v alkaline batteryis disconnected, and the microcontroller will immediately send a signal to cut off the main circuit MOS tube. Repeat the above process, and the microcontroller will complete the detection of the 9v alkaline batterymanaged by this module.

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