Nickel Hydride Batteries

Power battery technology is becoming more diversified, high nickel is becoming a trend, and Nickel Hydride Batteries are in the ascendant

Recently, foreign media reported that South Korea's three major battery manufacturers, LG Chem, Samsung SDI and SK Innovation, intend to jointly develop core battery technology and set up a foundation with a scale of 100 billion won (about 90 million US dollars) to try to create the next generation of battery industry ecosystem. With the trend of accelerating electrification of global transportation, the demand for power batteries is increasing. Developing the next generation of power battery technology, improving battery energy density, and solving battery safety management issues are becoming the focus of battery manufacturers. Will high-nickel batteries that meet national high energy density standards become the development direction of future batteries? What is the next power battery technology? Ternary lithium batteries have become mainstream. Looking back on the history of power battery development in my country, the technological progress of domestic manufacturers is extraordinary. From the initial mainstream of lithium iron phosphate batteries, to the ternary lithium batteries catching up in 2015, and then to the first half of this year, ternary lithium batteries replaced lithium iron phosphate batteries as mainstream batteries, but in just three years. It is understood that the transfer of power batteries from lithium iron phosphate to ternary lithium routes is not achieved overnight. my country has been turning to the development of ternary lithium batteries since 2016, and long before the rapid transformation in China, foreign battery companies have already made changes in the battery cell chemical system. Recently, Chen Yanbin, deputy general manager of Dangsheng Technology, pointed out that "the batteries used in 2014-2015 were all lithium iron phosphate. After the energy density standard was improved, the ternary materials and ternary batteries used in digital equipment were directly installed on the car, which is one of the reasons for the high cost of electric vehicle batteries." At present, the domestic ternary lithium battery system is all nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM). Nickel plays a role in improving the energy density of the material. According to the different proportions of the three transition metal ions, it is divided into low-nickel NCM424, NCM333, NCM523 and high-nickel NCM622, NCM811 and other materials. Its industrialization process is mainly from low-nickel 333, 523 and other high-nickel 622, 811. "When the ternary cathode material of 523 is 230 yuan/kg, the entire manufacturing cost is about 0.8 yuan." Ma Zilin, pre-sales technical director of Microvast Power, pointed out, "If the cost of ternary materials 532 and 811 is reduced to less than 180,000 yuan per ton, the cost advantage of iron-lithium is actually not great." The trend of high nickel formation is well known. If new energy vehicles, especially pure electric vehicles, want to truly gain market recognition, one of the important indicators is to solve consumers' mileage anxiety. To solve mileage anxiety, high energy density batteries must be provided. With the rising international cobalt prices, increasing the proportion of nickel in the ternary material system seems to have become the best choice for the dual considerations of reducing costs and increasing energy density. "In terms of cylindrical batteries, 523 is currently the main one. There may be 5%-10% of batteries that have switched from the original 622 to 811. On the one hand, it is the influence of cobalt prices, and on the other hand, it is the influence of subsidy standards." Chen Yanbin said that the development of high nickel in ternary materials is a general trend, but how to develop and what kind of rhythm to adopt depends on whether the battery technology is strong enough and the cost control ability is strong enough. The reporter learned that the energy density of power batteries needs to reach 140Wh/kg to get subsidies of the corresponding coefficient, so that many manufacturers over-emphasize energy density, but the safety risks that come with it cannot be ignored. In this regard, Deng Zhongyi, director of the Mengshi Technology Research Institute, pointed out that "the probability of vehicle accidents will be very high if energy density is pursued alone. Improving the energy density of power batteries must be safe and the cost and life are acceptable. It is meaningful to improve the energy density of power batteries." As for the current status of high-nickel high-energy-density batteries, Li Fengmei, vice president of the BYD Battery Management Center, believes that "the higher the nickel ratio, the worse the thermal stability of the entire positive electrode material. In the case of high temperature, external force impact, etc., high-nickel batteries will have safety hazards." The existence of safety red lines, coupled with the difficulty of technological breakthroughs, has long made the production progress of domestic high-nickel batteries unsatisfactory. Recently, 811 batteries from domestic manufacturers such as CATL and Dangsheng Technology have begun to be launched on the market, which seems to prove that domestic manufacturers have gradually overcome the safety issues of high-nickel batteries before Japan and South Korea, but whether my country can rely on the "Great Leap Forward" development of high nickel to complete the "overtaking on the curve" in power battery manufacturing, still needs to wait for the market and consumers to test. Nickel Hydride Batteries are in the ascendant. Existing battery systems are unable to break through the energy density ceiling of 350Wh/kg. The unremitting pursuit of energy density can only be solved by adopting new lithium-ion battery systems. Among the many high-energy-density battery systems, Nickel Hydride Batteries are undoubtedly the most promising choice at present. Not only is the technology relatively mature, but it also has the support of a group of top international scholars. Therefore, many lithium-ion battery companies at home and abroad regard solid-state battery technology as an important next-generation technology reserve. Volkswagen has announced plans to develop Nickel Hydride Batteries with a range of 1,000km; the Japanese Ministry of Economy announced in 2017 that it would invest 1.6 billion yen to jointly develop Nickel Hydride Batteries with top domestic industry chain forces such as Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Panasonic, GS Yuasa, Toray, Asahi Kasei, Mitsui Chemicals, and Mitsubishi Chemical, hoping to achieve a range of 800 kilometers by 2030. Ouyang Minggao, chief expert of the National Key Science and Technology Project for New Energy Vehicles, pointed out that "many domestic research institutes and enterprises have begun to deploy in the field of Nickel Hydride Batteries. For example, the Ningbo Institute of Materials of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is cooperating with Ganfeng Lithium to promote its industrialization and plans to mass-produce Nickel Hydride Batteries in 2019." However, Nickel Hydride Batteries are basically in the initial research stage, and there is still a long way to go before they can be fully applied in new energy vehicles. Ouyang Minggao once said that it is expected that all-solid-state lithium batteries will achieve a breakthrough between 2025 and 2030. Toyota Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada holds the same view: "We are working hard on research and hope to manufacture Nickel Hydride Batteries after 2020, but if we want to achieve mass production of Nickel Hydride Batteries, we will have to wait until after 2030." The development of new energy vehicles is a systematic project, but the most basic and important thing should be the breakthrough in battery technology. Wang Yu, Chairman of Farasis Energy, said: "For battery manufacturers, the product development route is greatly influenced by customers and the government. In China, it is mainly affected by subsidy policies, and energy density is our main direction of improvement. However, for foreign customers, although energy density is also important, it is not the only requirement. They also have certain requirements on charging time and cost. On the basis of achieving the goal of high specific energy, comprehensive development and improving other performance indicators will require more time and effort."

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