Flow battery is an electrochemical energy storage technology proposed by
American scientist Thaller L.H. (NASA Lewis Research Center) in 1974. It is a
secondary battery technology in which active substances exist in a liquid
electrolyte. The electrolyte is placed outside the stack and flows through the
stack driven by the circulation pump, where it undergoes an electrochemical
reaction to convert chemical energy into electrical energy, thereby realizing
the storage and release of electrical energy. When charging, an oxidation
reaction occurs at the positive electrode and the valence state of the active
material increases; a reduction reaction occurs at the negative electrode and
the valence state of the active material decreases. During discharge, the
opposite is true. A reduction reaction occurs at the positive electrode, and the
valence state of the active material decreases; an oxidation reaction occurs at
the negative electrode, and the valence state of the active material
increases.
Unlike traditional secondary batteries that directly use active materials
as electrodes, the electrodes of flow energy storage batteries are inert
electrodes that only provide reaction sites for electrode reactions. Active
materials are usually stored in the electrolyte in an ionic state. The positive
and negative electrolytes are installed in two storage tanks respectively, and
the electrolyte is circulated in the pipeline system through a liquid delivery
pump. During operation, the redox reaction of all-liquid flow batteries is
manifested as changes in the valence state of ions, while the deposition-type
flow batteries are manifested as the deposition and dissolution of metals.
According to different active materials, flow batteries can be divided into
various technical routes such as all-vanadium, zinc/bromine, sodium
polysulfide/bromine, iron/chromium, etc. At present, the all-vanadium flow
battery is the most popular one. The energy storage capacity of the flow battery
is easy to adjust the scale. The energy storage capacity depends on the
electrolyte capacity and concentration. Therefore, the scale design of the flow
battery is very flexible. The flow battery has a large degree of freedom in site
selection, and the system can be fully automatically closed and operates without
pollution. , simple maintenance, low operating cost; the most important thing is
that the flow battery has high safety, its electrolyte solution is an aqueous
solution, the battery system has no potential explosion or fire hazard, and has
high safety.
The scientific research community is widely concerned. How is the research
progress?
We all know that the most popular flow battery is the all-vanadium flow
battery. Because it is all vanadium, there is no pollution problem. It has high
safety and long life.
MIT
MIT recently developed a flow battery that can "breathe air" and store
energy for a long time. When the air flow battery is discharging, it will inhale
air from the outside world; when charging, it can discharge the air: during the
inhalation process, the battery will produce negatively charged hydroxide ions
in the catholyte. ; When oxygen is exhaled, positively charged hydrogen ions
will appear in the anolyte. Researchers say the principle is similar to how
humans breathe, balancing charges by getting oxygen in the system.
At the same energy density, the cost of this flow battery is only 1/5 of
that of lithium-ion batteries. If the upgraded version of this battery is put
into commercial use, the energy storage cost is expected to be controlled
between US$20 and US$30 per kilowatt hour. The current prototype of this battery
is only the size of a coffee cup. In the next step, they plan to use this design
in larger-scale systems and further improve the efficiency, cost performance,
and working life of the battery (currently only 1,500 hours).
Sumitomo Japan
Japan's Sumitomo Electric began research and development of all-vanadium
flow battery technology as early as the 1990s, and has leading system
integration and engineering application technology. In May 2016, the company's
subsidiaries signed a demonstration implementation agreement with San Diego Gas
& Electric, a large U.S. power company, on a power storage system using an
all-vanadium redox flow battery. In the third quarter of 2016, the project began
practical operation on the distribution network.
AVL
AVL has been focusing on the research and development of all-vanadium redox
flow batteries. AVL is collaborating with the University of Western Australia
and developed the first all-vanadium flow battery in December 2016. However,
since local manufacturers do not have the ability to produce vanadium
electrolyte with energy storage function, AVL imported vanadium electrolyte from
Austrian Gildermeister Company.
UniEnergyTechnologies USA
UniEnergy Technologies has the world's leading hybrid acid all-vanadium
redox flow battery technology and is responsible for the construction of the
first megawatt-hour all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage power station
in the United States. Currently, the U.S. Department of Energy is supporting the
U.S. company UniEnergy Technologies to implement a new flow battery energy
storage project. The goal is to be able to integrate flow batteries and
lithium-ion batteries based on Tesla batteries when the project reaches
large-scale and grid integration. Compare and contrast.
Dalian Rongke
At present, Dalian Rongke has achieved a cumulative installed capacity of
all-vanadium redox flow batteries of more than 12MW, accounting for 40% of the
world's total installed capacity. In 2013, the world's largest 5MW/10MWh
all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system jointly developed by
Dalian Raycom and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics successfully passed the
owner's acceptance. This is the first 5MW large-scale system in the world that
is actually connected to the grid. All indicators of industrial energy storage
devices are at the leading international level.
In 2014, Dalian Raycom cooperated with Bosch Group to build a 250KW/1MWh
all-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage system in a wind farm in northern
Germany. It also cooperated with the American company UniEnergy Technologies to
build the first megawatt-level all-vanadium redox flow energy storage battery
power station in the United States.
Dali Electrician
Dali Electric has focused on the research and development of all-vanadium
redox flow battery energy storage systems for many years. Up to now, the company
has applied for 24 patents in the field of vanadium batteries, authorized 17
invention patents, and established 7 company standards. It has successively
launched projects in India, Singapore and China. 12 vanadium battery energy
storage system demonstration projects have been carried out in other places, and
the products are exported to South Korea, the United States and other
places.
The modular vanadium battery energy storage system independently developed
by the company in February 2017 recently received its first order from South
Korea in 2017. The company has been supplying to multiple projects in South
Korea for two consecutive years, and the first batch of products has been
prepared, tested and shipped.
Conclusion: The commercialization of flow batteries may be expected
The advancement of energy storage technology has driven the development of
the energy storage industry, and various energy storage technologies have their
suitable application fields. In the field of large-scale energy storage
applications, all-vanadium redox flow batteries are slightly better than
lithium-ion batteries with relatively low lifespan. However, due to limitations
such as low energy density and high cost, they are still being tested in
large-scale energy storage fields such as wind power. stage. On October 11, five
ministries and commissions jointly announced the "Guiding Opinions on Promoting
the Development of Energy Storage Technology and Industry". The "Opinions"
pointed out that a number of energy storage technologies and products with
independent intellectual property rights should be applied and promoted,
including the 100MW class. All-vanadium redox flow battery energy storage power
station. It can be seen that the application value of all-vanadium redox flow
batteries has received increasing attention from the country. In recent years,
various battery technologies have emerged one after another, and the industry
has shown a situation of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred
schools of thought contend". Let us wait and see whether all-vanadium redox flow
batteries can be commercialized in the future.
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